I-telugu Khmername Guqulela

I-Telugu lulwimi olusemthethweni lwelizwe Laseindiya iandhra Pradesh, kwaye kuthethwa zizigidi zabantu kulo Lonke Elaseindiya, kubandakanya nakwezinye iindawo Zasekarnataka, Isitamil Nadu, Kunye Nemaharashtra. Nangona kunjalo, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi, ukufumana iinguqulelo Zesitelugu kunokuba ngumceli mngeni kubantu abaninzi, ngakumbi abo bahlala phesheya.

Ngombulelo, ngoku kukho iindlela ezininzi ezinokuthenjwa zokufumana iinguqulelo eziphezulu Zesitelegram. Iinkonzo zobungcali zikho ezibonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo, eziqinisekisiweyo zamaxwebhu oshishino kunye nawobuqu ukusuka kwisingesi Ukuya Kwitelugu okanye ngokuchaseneyo. Ezi nkonzo zisebenzisa abaguquleli abanamava abazizithethi zolwimi lweenkobe kwaye baqinisekisa ukuba onke amaxwebhu aguqulelweyo agcina inqanaba elifanayo lokuchaneka kunye nomgangatho njengomxholo wokuqala.

Kumashishini, ukufumana uguqulelo Oluchanekileyo lwetelugu yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yempumelelo yamanye amazwe. Kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba amaxwebhu abo aguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuze bafikelele kubathengi abanokubakho kunye namaqabane elizweni. Iinguqulelo ezichanileyo aziyi kubanceda nje ukuba bandise ngempumelelo ukufikelela kwiimarike zabo, kodwa ziya kunceda ukuphepha ukungaqondani okunokukhokelela kwiimpazamo ezibiza kakhulu.

Xa kuziwa kubantu abafuna ukufumana amaxwebhu abo obuqu aguqulelwe, iinguqulelo Zesitelegram zibalulekile. Oku kunokuba kubaluleke ngakumbi kubantu abafuna ukufaka isicelo se-visa, ubumi, imisebenzi, okanye naluphi na olunye uhlobo loxwebhu olufuna ukuchaneka ngokusemthethweni.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni isizathu, iinguqulelo Ze-Telegram kufuneka zibe yinto ephambili. Ngokukhetha iinkonzo zobungcali eziqesha abaguquleli besithethi somthonyama, amashishini kunye nabantu ngokufanayo banokuqinisekisa ukuba amaxwebhu abo achanekile kwaye aguqulelwe ngobuchule ngalo lonke ixesha.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwesitelugu?

Isitelugu sithethwa ikakhulu Eindiya, apho lulwimi olusemthethweni kumazwe Eandhra Pradesh, Itelangana Neyanam. Ikwathethwa ngabantu abambalwa abambalwa kumazwe angabamelwane Basekarnataka, Etamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh Kunye Ne-Odisha, kwaye kuthethwa ngobuninzi kwilizwe Lasepuducherry, eyintsimi yomanyano Yaseindiya.

Yintoni imbali Yolwimi Lwetelegram?

Ulwimi Lwesitelugu lwaqala ukuvela kwimisebenzi yokubhala esekelwe Kwisisanskrit yekhulu le-10 kwaye sele iguqukile Ukusuka Kwitelugu Endala, Ukuya Kwitelugu Ephakathi kunye nolwimi lwesitelugu lwangoku. Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo Kwisitelugu yabuyela kwikhulu le-5 AD kwaye yafunyanwa Kwi-Asrama imiqolomba yesithili Sase-Anantapur E-Andhra Pradesh. Olu lwimi lwalusetyenziselwa iirekhodi zomthetho nezorhwebo ngeli xesha.
Ngexesha eliphakathi, Utelugu wayephenjelelwa kakhulu ngamasanskrit Kunye Namaprakrit kunye neembongi zeli xesha zabhala ngothando lwabo ngolwimi. Imizekelo yale misebenzi iquka I-Mahabharatam Yasenannayya, I-Palkuriki Somana Yasebasava Puranam, Kunye Ne-Tikkanna Yaserukmangada Charitra.
Ukutyhubela inkulungwane ye-17 neye-18, uncwadi Lwesitelugu lwachuma, kunye nababhali abanjengobhimi Reddi, Pingali Surana, Atukuri Molla, Chinnayasoori, Paravastu Chinnayya Sori, Nokandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu bonke besenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kulwimi noncwadi lwalo. Ngomnyaka we-1875, Iyunivesithi Yasemadras yaqala ukufundisa Iincwadi Zesitelugu, okwenza iyunivesithi yokuqala Yaseindiya ukwenza njalo.
Namhlanje, Itelugu lolona lwimi luthethwayo Kwaye lolunye lweelwimi ezisemthethweni Zaseindiya. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwilizwe Lase-Andhra Pradesh nakwimimandla ekumda Wasekarnataka, Etamil Nadu Nase-Orissa, nakwezinye iindawo Zasemaharashtra, Echhattisgarh Nasejharkhand.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu Kulwimi Lwesitelugu?

1. I-Vemana: I-vemana yimbongi Eyaziwayo Yasetelugu, i-mystic kunye nefilosofi. Uyaziwa kakhulu ngemibongo yakhe enobubele kunye nengqiqo, ebonisa iimfundiso Ze-Advaita Vedanta. Wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwinkcubeko kunye noncwadi Lwetelugu.
2. Unannayya: Unannayya ngumfundi Wesisanskrit, igrama kunye nomlobi owayephila ngekhulu le-11. Uthathwa njengoyise woncwadi Lwesitelegram njengoko kukholeleka ukuba ubhale imizekelo yokuqala yoncwadi Lwesitelegram.
3. Unkulunkulu uqobo lwakhe, oyingqayizivele i izwi lamashumi amane nanye unkulunkulu uqobo lwakhe, oyingqayizivele i izwi lamashumi amane nanye Kubikwa ngokubhala Imahabharata Etelugu, eyaziwa ngokuthi 'Tikkana Mahabharatamu'. Kwakhona wabhala amagqabantshintshi Nge-Bhagavad Gita,Bhagavata Purana, Kunye Ne-Upanishads.
4. U-Annamacharya: U-Annamacharya uyimbongi ephefumlelweyo kunye nengcwele eyayiphila ngekhulu le-15. Waqamba iingoma ezingaphezu kwe-32 000 ngokudumisa Inkosi Ivenkateswara Etirupati, eyaziwa ngokudibeneyo njenge 'Sri Annamacharya Sankirtanas'. Ezi ngoma zisaculwa kwiitempile kumazantsi Eindiya namhlanje.
5. Uc. P. Brown: Ucharles Philip Brown wayengumfundi Wasebrithani Kunye ne-philologist owayesebenza kakhulu Ngolwimi Lwesitelugu. Waqulunqa isichazi-magama sokuqala Sesitelugu kwaye waguqulela imisebenzi emininzi yeklasikhi ukusuka Kwisisanskrit Ukuya Kwisitelugu. Igalelo lakhe elixabisekileyo Kulwimi Lwesitelugu noncwadi lukhunjulwa nanamhlanje.

Njani ulwimi Lwesitelegram?

I-Telugu lulwimi oluguqukayo, oluthetha ukuba amagama ayenziwa ngokongeza izimamva kwisiseko okanye ifom yengcambu. Umzekelo, igama elithi "inja" ngu "kukka" kwaye igama elithi "izinja" ngu " kukkala.""Isakhiwo silumkile, I-Telugu ine-vso (Isenzi-Isihloko-Into) umyalelo wegama, kwaye isebenzisa isini kunye nokuhlukana kwetyala. Inamatyala amathathu aphambili: ngqo, oblique, kunye nendawo. Ukongezelela, inezenzi ezine kunye nenkqubo entsonkothileyo yokuhlonipha.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwesitelugu ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Thatha ikhosi yolwimi Lwesitelegram: kukho inani lezifundo ezikwi-intanethi nezisemntwini ezikhoyo ukukunceda ufunde Isitelegram. Bhalisa ukuze ufumane intshayelelo ebanzi kulwimi, eya kukumisela impumelelo.
2. Phanda I-telegram: kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela ulwimi olusebenza ngayo kwimeko yokuncokola. Qala ngokumamela izithethi zomthonyama Zetelugu kwaye uziqhelanise nokuphindaphinda amabinzana emva kwabo.
3. Sebenzisa izibonelelo ukuziqhelanisa negrama: Nje Ukuba ube nenqanaba elisisiseko lokuncokola Ngesitelegu, qala ujonge imiba entsonkothileyo yolwimi, njengokuqina kwesenzi kunye nolwakhiwo lwesivakalisi. Ukufunda iincwadi, amaphephandaba kunye namanqaku Etelugu yindlela enhle yokusebenzisa izakhono zakho zegrama.
4. Sebenzisa izibonelelo ze-intanethi: iiwebhusayithi Ezininzi zibonelela ngemisebenzi yokufunda kunye nolwazi malunga nolwimi Lwesitelugu kunye nenkcubeko. Jonga iiforamu Zolwimi Lwesitelugu ukuze udibane nabanye abafundi, fumana amaqabane okufunda, kwaye ubuze imibuzo.
5. Zibhaptize kwinkcubeko: indlela efanelekileyo yokufunda naluphi na ulwimi kukuntywila kwinkcubeko. Mamela Umculo Wesitelugu, ubukele iimuvi, uye kwiminyhadala kunye neminyhadala, kwaye wenze abahlobo nabantu abathetha Isitelugu ukuba batyibilike kulwimi.

I-Khmer lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasekhambodiya kwaye luthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-16 emhlabeni jikelele. Ulwimi lolwaseaustroasiatic usapho lweelwimi, ezibandakanya iilwimi Zasevietnam kunye nesimon-Khmer ezifana Nekhmer Kunye Nesimon. I-Khmer iyingqayizivele phakathi kwezalamane Zayo Emzantsi-Mpuma Asia ngenxa yenkqubo yayo yokubhala. I-khmer script, eyaziwa ngokuba Yi "Khmer Rouge" ngenxa yokunxulumana kwayo nembali kunye neqela elilawulayo Lamakomanisi ngexesha Lemfazwe Yamakhaya Yasekhambodiya, isebenzisa indibaniselwano yeeleta ze-consonant kunye ne-diacritics yokubhala i-syllabic.

Nangona i-Diacritics yayo, inkqubo yokubhala Yekhmer ilula ukufunda xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iilwimi Zasempuma Asia. Iileta zibhalwe ngendlela elungeleleneyo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuzifunda. Oku kunceda ukwenza uguqulelo Lwekhmer lube lula kuneenguqulelo ezibandakanya ezinye iilwimi.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ze-Khmer ziya zisanda ngenxa yokunyuka kwamathuba oshishino kunye nokhenketho Ecambodia. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani ezininzi zokuguqulela ziye zavela ukunceda ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kwesingesi Nekhmer.

Xa ukhetha inkampani yokuguqulela Ye-Khmer, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela amava omguquleli kunye nolwazi lolwimi. Kukwabalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba umguquleli uqhelene nenkcubeko kwaye ubalaselisa izinto ezithile kulwimi ezinokuthi zingahoywa.

Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkampani yokuguqulela ibonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo nezifike ngexesha. Oku kunokwenza wonke umahluko xa unxibelelana namashishini okanye abantu Ecambodia. Ukuchaneka kubaluleke kakhulu kumaxwebhu oshishino kunye nezivumelwano, ngoko kuhlawula ukutyala imali kubaguquleli Bekhmer abathembekileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukufumana inkampani yokuguqulela enikezela ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo. Ngeenkampani ezininzi ezibonelela ngeenkonzo zokuguqulela Ze-Khmer, ihlawula ukuthenga ngeenxa zonke kwaye ithelekise amaxabiso ukuze ifumane eyona nto ibalaseleyo.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ze-Khmer zingabaluleka kubantu kunye namashishini afuna ukwenza ishishini Ecambodia. Xa beguqulela, banokuqinisekisa ukuba unxibelelwano lwabo luchanekile kwaye lufanelekile ngokwenkcubeko. Ngoko unganqikazi ukujonga iinkonzo zokuguqulela Ze-Khmer ukuba unemfuno yazo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwekhmer?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer luthethwa ikakhulu Ecambodia. Ikwathethwa Evietnam Nasethailand, phakathi kwamanye amazwe.

Yintoni i-Khmer language?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer lulwimi Oluthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-16 Ekhambodiya, Evietnam, Ethailand Nasefransi. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasekhambodiya kwaye lusetyenziswe kulo mmandla ukususela kwinkulungwane yokuqala AD..
Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo Kwi-Khmer ibuyele kwi-7th century AD, kodwa ulwimi luye lwajikeleza ixesha elide kunokuba. Kangangeenkulungwane ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yesi-7, Ubukhosi Bekhmer babulawulwa ngabantu abathetha Isanskrit baseindiya. Ngekhulu le-8, ulwimi Lwekhmer lwaqala ukubonakala njengolwimi olwahlukileyo.
Ulwimi Lwekhmer lwaphenjelelwa kakhulu lulwimi Lwepali, olwaziswa luvela Emzantsi India ngenkulungwane ye-9 ngabathunywa Bevangeli Baseindiya Abangamabhuda. Impembelelo Ye-Pali Kunye Nesisanskrit, edityaniswe nolwimi lwe-Austroasiatic lwalo mmandla, yazala Ikhmer yanamhlanje.
Ukusukela ngoko, Ikhmer iye yathandwa kakhulu kwaye ngoku lolona lwimi luthethwa Kakhulu Ecambodia. Ikwayenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Zombutho Wezizwe Zasemzantsi-Mpuma Asia (I-ASEAN).

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwekhmer?

1. I-Preah Ang Eng (i-17th century): umntu obalulekileyo kwimbali Yolwimi Lwekhmer, U-Preah Ang Eng wabhala imisebenzi emininzi eyayinegalelo ekulondolozeni nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi. Ubizwa ngokuba ngumshicileli wokuqala Wokushicilela Emzantsi-Mpuma We-Asia kunye nokwazisa inguqulelo ebhaliweyo Yolwimi Lwekhmer.
2. I-chankirirom (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19): I-Chankirirom ye-Chey ithathwa njengenye yamanani abalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi Lwekhmer. Waqulunqa inkqubo yokubhala esekelwe kwiskripthi se-devanagari esasetyenziswa nanamhlanje kwaye yayinoxanduva lokulinganisa upelo kunye negrama.
3. U-Thong Hy (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20): U-Thong Hy uyaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe ophazamisayo ekuphuhliseni i-Khmer dictionary. Isichazi-magama sakhe sapapashwa ngo-1923 kwaye sisasetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengesixhobo Sokubhekisa kulwimi Lwekhmer.
4. I-Venerable Chuon Nath (i-20th century): i-abbot Yewat Botum Vaddey, I-Venerable Chuon Nath ihlonishwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe ekulondolozeni nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi Lwekhmer. Wayengomnye wabantu bokuqala ukwabelana ngeemfundiso Zebuddhist Kwi-Khmer kwaye uye wadlalwa ngokunceda ukugcina inkcubeko Yekhmer.
5. I-Huy Kanthoul (i-21st century): enye yamanani anempembelelo kwi-khmer language namhlanje, U-Huy Kanthoul unjingalwazi kunye nolwimi olusebenze ngokungakhathali ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa Kwe-Khmer kwimfundo. Uphuhlise iincwadi ezininzi zolwimi Lwekhmer kwaye ungummeli ovakalayo wamalungelo Olwimi Lwekhmer.

Uluphi ulwimi lwekhmer?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer lulwimi Lwe-Austroasia, oluhlala kwintsapho yasemon-Khmer. Lulwimi lokuhlalutya olunomxholo-isenzi-into igama elithi umyalelo kwaye isebenzisa iipostpositions endaweni yezilungiso. Inenkqubo etyebileyo yezimaphambili, kubandakanya izimaphambili ezahlukeneyo, izimamva kunye neenkcukacha. Izibizo zayo ziphawulwe ngenani kunye nezenzi zayo zomntu, inombolo, umba, ilizwi kunye nomoya. Inenkqubo yeetoni ezintlanu, ezisetyenziselwa ukwahlula iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwekhmer ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda ialfabhethi: I-Khmer ibhalwa ngokusebenzisa iskripthi se-abugida esibizwa Ngokuba Yi-Aksar Khmer, ngoko kubalulekile ukuqala ngokuziqhelanisa noonobumba kunye neefom zabo ezahlukeneyo. Unokufumana izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ukukunceda ufunde ialfabhethi.
2. Isigama esisisiseko se-Master: Xa uqhelene ne-alfabhethi, begin ukusebenza ekufundeni amagama asisiseko Kunye namabinzana Ekhmer. Ungasebenzisa izichazi-magama ezikwi-intanethi, iincwadi zezifundo, kunye neeapps ukukhangela amagama kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokubiza amagama.
3. Thatha iklasi: Ukuba ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufunda ulwimi ngokuchanekileyo, bhalisela iklasi Yolwimi Lwekhmer kwisikolo sasekuhlaleni okanye eyunivesithi. Ukuthatha iklasi kuya kukunika ithuba lokubuza imibuzo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nomqeqeshi.
4. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama: ukuze uqhelane ngokwenene nendlela Ikhmer ethethwa ngayo, zama ukuchitha ixesha lokuphulaphula izithethi zomthonyama. Ungabukela imiboniso kamabonwakude okanye iimuvi Kwi-Khmer, umamele iipodcasts, okanye ufumane iingoma ngolwimi.
5. Ukuziqhelanisa nokubhala nokuthetha: Nje Ukuba ube nolwazi olusisiseko lolwimi, qala ukuziqhelanisa nokubhala nokuthetha Khmer. Qala ukufunda ngolwimi kwaye uzame ukuba neengxoxo kunye nezithethi zomthonyama. Oku kuya kukunceda wakhe ukuzithemba kwaye uphuhlise izakhono zakho.