Isijamani Bulgarian Guqulela

Ukuba ufuna indlela yokunxibelelana nabathengi bamanye amazwe, okanye ukuba ufuna uncedo ekuguquleleni uxwebhu olubalulekileyo ukusuka kwisijamani ukuya kwisingesi, iinkonzo zokuguqulela isijamani zinokunceda. Isijamani yindlela ebalulekileyo ulwimi Kwi-Yurophu, zombini kuba ushishino kwaye personal unxibelelwano. Kuthethwa zizigidi zabantu Ejamani, Eostriya, Eswitzerland Naseluxembourg, nakwezinye iindawo zasebelgium, Eitali, Efransi nakwamanye amazwe. Ngenxa yoko, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasejamani zifunwa kakhulu.

Xa kuziwa kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela zesijamani, kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Okokuqala, kufuneka uthathe isigqibo malunga nenjongo yokuguqulela kwaye ukhethe umboneleli wenkonzo yokuguqulela. Umzekelo, uxwebhu olusemthethweni luya kufuna uhlobo olwahlukileyo lokuguqulela kunephepha lasekhaya kwiwebhusayithi. Umguquleli oguqulelayo kufuneka abe nakho ukubonelela abaguquleli abanamava kuhlobo oluthile lokuguqulela olifunayo. Kukwabalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kokuguqulelwa kunye nokufumaneka kwendawo. Inguqulelo ibandakanya ukudlulisela ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yombhalo ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye, ngelixa ulwakhiwo lwasekhaya luthathela ingqalelo umahluko wengingqi kunye nenkcubeko onokuthi uhambelane noguqulelo.

Xa ukhetha umguquleli wasejamani, kubalulekile ukuba ukhangele umntu onamava okuguqulela amaxwebhu ukusuka kwisijamani ukuya kwisingesi. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ngobuchule kufuneka zibandakanye ukuhlolwa okusisiseko kunye nokuhlelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba uxwebhu oluguqulelweyo luchanekile, lucacile, kwaye luhambelana nomthombo wokuqala. Xa ukhetha umboneleli wenkonzo yokuguqulela, kubalulekile ukujonga izingqinisiso kunye neziqinisekiso, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umguquleli uqhelene neelwimi zesijamani kunye ne-colloquialisms.

Xa kuziwa ekuguquleleni amaxwebhu asejamani, kubalulekile ukuba unikele ingqalelo kuzo naziphi na iimfuno zokufomatha. Ukuba uxwebhu lubandakanya ukufomatha okukhethekileyo, njengetafile kunye noluhlu, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba zifomathiwe ngokufanelekileyo kwinguqulelo. Oku kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi luboniswa ngokucacileyo nangokusemthethweni kwinguqulelo eguqulelweyo.

Ngokuthatha ixesha lokukhetha iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasejamani, amashishini angaqinisekisa ukuba amaxwebhu abo aguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo kwaye aphephe iimpazamo ezibizayo. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo abanamava kwi-German-English translation banokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxwebhu aguqulelwe ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo, ekuncedeni ukuququzelela unxibelelwano olusebenzayo kunye nabathengi bamanye amazwe kunye namaqabane.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isijamani?

Isijamani lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasejamani, Iaustria, Iswitzerland, Iliechtenstein, Iluxembourg, Nomzantsi Tyrol Eitali. Ikwayilwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Ebelgium (Kwingingqi Yeflemish), Kumantla Erhine-Westphalia, nakwezinye iindawo zasejamani. Isijamani sikwathethwa kwimimandla Yasempuma Yurophu, njengealsace Nelorraine Efransi, amaphondo athile Asepoland, Emzantsi Jutland Edenmark, Esilesia Kwiriphabliki yaseczech, neminye imimandla yomda Enetherlands Nasehungary. Ukongezelela, isijamani lulwimi oluthethwa ngabantu abambalwa kwiindawo Ezithile Eitali, Eromania, Ekazakhstan Nasenamibia.

Yintoni imbali yesijamani?

Ulwimi lwasejamani luyinxalenye Yentsapho Ye-Indo-European kwaye yenye yeelwimi ezindala Eyurophu. Kukholelwa ukuba ivela Kwiproto-Germanic, ulwimi lwakudala oluthethwa ngabantu Basejamani Basenyakatho Yurophu. Ngenkulungwane yesi-2 AD, yayisele ikhule yaba ziilwimi ezahlukeneyo, ezaqhubeka nokuvela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.
Ngenkulungwane ye-9, izizwe Zasejamani zazimanyene phantsi Kwecharlemagne kwaye ulwimi lwazo lwaqala ukubonakala njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokunxibelelana. Kwinkulungwane ye-11th, iintlobo ezimbini Endala High German kwavela njengolwimi oluphambili uncwadi, uncwadi, nenkcubeko; Eliphakathi Eliphezulu German kwimimandla ephezulu Irhine Kunye Upper Saxony, Kunye Upper German Ebavaria Naseostriya.
Ngenkulungwane ye-14, ukuveliswa kokushicilela nokunyuka komatshini wokushicilela kwanceda ekumiseleni umgangatho wolwimi kwaza kwakhokelela ekupapashweni kwemisebenzi efana "Nomthetho Kagrimm," owamisela imithetho yokubhala nokuthetha ulwimi.
Ngexesha lokuhlola nokukhanyisa, ukuphuhliswa kwesijamani sanamhlanje kwaqala ngokuqaliswa kwesigama esitsha kunye negrama elula. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, ulwimi lwesijamani lwahlanganiswa, kunye Nolwimi Oluphakathi Noluphezulu lwesijamani lube lulwimi olusemthethweni lwelizwe. Ulwimi luyaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa kwaye luguquke namhlanje kwaye lolunye lweelwimi ezithethwa kakhulu kwihlabathi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwasejamani?

1. Umartin Luther (1483-1546): Umartin Luther wayenoxanduva lokudala isiseko solwimi lwangoku lwesijamani ngokuguqulela Ibhayibhile kwisijamani kunye nokuphuhlisa uhlobo olutsha lokubhala olusebenzisa iziyelelane ezimbini eziphambili zasejamani ngelo xesha: Ijamani Ephezulu Kunye Ne-Lower Saxon. Impembelelo yakhe isavakalelwa namhlanje kulwakhiwo kunye nopelo lolwimi lwasejamani.
2. Ujohann Wolfgang Von Goethe (1749-1832): Ugoethe wayeyimbongi edumileyo, umbhali wokudlala, kunye nomlobi wenoveli owayesebenza ukumanyanisa iilwimi ezahlukeneyo zesijamani kulwimi olunye olumiselweyo. Waqulunqa amagama amaninzi asejamani afana ne" schadenfreude", "weltschmerz", kunye ne "landsknecht". Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imisebenzi yakhe isafundwa zizithethi zasejamani kwihlabathi liphela.
3. Uheinrich Himmler (1900-1945): Uhimmler wayeligosa Elinempembelelo Yamanazi elalinegalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso lolwimi lwasejamani. Wayedume ngokuqulunqa amagama amatsha kunye nokunika abantu abadala iintsingiselo ezintsha ukuqinisekisa ukuba zihambelana neengcamango Zamanazi, ngaloo ndlela ziqinisekisa ukuba ziya kuhlala ixesha elide nangemva kokuwa kolawulo.
4. U-Ulrich Ammon (1937-2006): U-Ammon wayengumlimi ofunda ukuphuhliswa kolwimi lwasejamani ngokuhamba kwexesha. Wabhala iincwadi zegrama kunye neencwadi zezifundo, wasungula umbutho Wedeutsche Sprache e. V, kwaye wakhonza njengomongameli Wombutho Wophando Lwezenzululwazi Kunye Namaxwebhu Olwimi lwasejamani ukusuka ngo-1982-2006.
5. Fritz (Frederic) Kempe (1945-): Kempe yi ulwimi isijamani othe wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo ulwimi isijamani, ingakumbi ngokwemiqathango syntax. Wabhala iincwadi ezininzi kwi-syntax yesijamani kwaye iingcamango zakhe ziye zaba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela ulwimi lwesijamani olufundiswa ngayo ezikolweni.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi German?

Ulwimi lwesijamani lunokuchazwa njengolwimi oluqhelekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba isebenzisa izinto zombini zeelwimi zokuhlalutya kunye nezenziweyo, ezibangela ukuhlanganiswa kwayo, ubuninzi kunye nokuchasana okwenziwa ngokudibanisa iinxalenye ezininzi zamagama. Ukongeza, isijamani sinamatyala amane aphambili (ukutyunjwa, ukutyholwa, i-dative, kunye ne-genitive), kwaye izenzi zidibaniswa ngokomntu, inombolo, kunye nomoya.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwasejamani ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Zifake Ngokwakho: eyona ndlela ukufunda isijamani kukuba immerse ngokwakho kuyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Yenza umzamo wokunxibelelana ngesijamani nabantu, ubukele umabonwakude wasejamani kunye neefilimu, kwaye umamele unomathotholo wasejamani. Chitha ixesha kunye nezithethi zomthonyama zasejamani kwaye uzibandakanye neengxoxo kunye nabo ngesijamani.
2. Fumana Incwadi Elungileyo yesijamani: incwadi elungileyo yesikhokelo inokukunceda ngegrama kunye nesigama, kwaye inokukunika imithambo yokuziqhelanisa nezinto ozifundayo.
3. Sebenzisa Indlela Yakho Yokubiza: ukubizwa kwamagama kungundoqo ekuqondeni. Njengoko ufunda amagama amatsha kunye namabinzana, qiniseka ukuba uqhelisela ukubiza kwakho de uzive uqinisekile ngayo.
4. Sebenzisa Izixhobo Ezikwi-Intanethi: zininzi izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi zokukunceda ufunde isijamani. Khangela iiwebhusayithi kunye neeapps ezibonelela ngemithambo esebenzisanayo, ukurekhodwa kweaudiyo yezithethi zomthonyama zasejamani, kunye nezinye izixhobo zokukunceda ufunde kwaye uziqhelanise.
5. Sebenzisa Itekhnoloji: kukho zonke iintlobo zeapps, iipodcasts, kunye nezinye izixhobo ezisekwe kubuchwephesha ukukunceda uphucule izakhono zakho zolwimi. Zama ukusebenzisa enye okanye ezingaphezulu kwezi rhoqo, ukuze izifundo zakho zolwimi ziqinise iteknoloji.
6. Joyina Inkqubo Yokutshintshiselana Ngolwimi: iinkqubo zokutshintshiselana Ngeelwimi ngamathuba amahle okuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nezithethi zasejamani zomthonyama kunye nokuphucula ukubiza kwakho.

Ukwazisa

Ibulgaria inolwimi olwahlukileyo kunye nenkcubeko exabiseke kakhulu. Isibulgaria lulwimi Lwaseslavic Kwaye sithethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-9 emhlabeni jikelele. Kule minyaka idlulileyo, iye yathandwa phakathi kwabantu abahlala ngaphandle Kwebulgaria abanomdla wokufunda ulwimi kunye nokusebenzisa izibonelelo ezininzi ezinikezelayo. Ngokunyuka kokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nokwanda konxibelelwano phakathi kwamazwe, ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela zasebulgaria kuye kwabaluleka ngakumbi.

Imbali Yenguqulelo yasebulgaria

Ulwimi lwasebulgaria lubuyela kwinkulungwane ye-9 xa lwaziswa Ngamaproto-Bulgarians njengenxalenye yokwandiswa kwabo kulo mmandla. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ibulgaria yaqala ukusasazeka kwaye ekugqibeleni yaba lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwenqununu Yasebulgaria ngo-1878. Emva Kwemfazwe YEHLABATHI II, ulwimi lwaqhubeka luguquka kwaye lwaba lulwimi olusemthethweni Lweriphabhlikhi Yabantu Basebulgaria ngo-1946.

Namhlanje, isibulgaria lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasebulgaria kwaye lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwe-European Union. Kuthethwe ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-11 Ebulgaria nakwezinye iindawo Kwiibalkans nakwimimandla emininzi yabaphambukeli kwihlabathi liphela. Ngenxa yoko, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zifunwa kakhulu ukwenzela ukubonelela unxibelelwano olusebenzayo phakathi kwabantu abathetha iilwimi ezahlukeneyo.

Iingenelo Zenguqulelo yesibulgaria

Ukuguqulela amaxwebhu kwibulgaria kunokuba luncedo kakhulu kumashishini anabathengi okanye amaqabane athetha ulwimi. Ukuguqulela izinto zentengiso kunye neewebhusayithi kwibulgaria kunokunceda iinkampani ukuba zifikelele kubaphulaphuli ngokubanzi kwaye zakhele ubudlelwane nabathengi abanokubakho kulo mmandla. Inokunceda amashishini ukuba akhe ukuthembana phakathi kwabantu ekujoliswe kubo ngokudlulisa umyalezo wokuba bayaluqonda kwaye bayaluhlonipha ulwimi nenkcubeko yabantu abazama ukufikelela kubo. Ngokufikelela kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela ezichanekileyo nezithembekileyo, amashishini anokufumana ukuqonda okungcono kwabathengi bawo kunye nokwandisa amathuba okuphumelela kwimarike yasebulgaria.

Ngaphezu koko, ngokwanda kwenani labaphambukeli abavela Ebulgaria, iinkonzo zokuguqulela zinokunceda ekuququzeleleni unxibelelwano olulula phakathi kwabantu abavela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. Ukuguqulela amaxwebhu ezonyango, izivumelwano, kunye nezinye iifom ezisemthethweni ebulgaria kunokunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu obandakanyekayo uyaluqonda olu xwebhu kwaye lwaziswa ngokuchanekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, ukuguqulela amaxwebhu kwisibulgaria kunokunceda ukugcina ulwimi kunye nenkcubeko yabantu abathetha isibulgaria.

Isiphelo

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasebulgaria zifunwa kakhulu ngenxa yokwanda kokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nonxibelelwano phakathi kwamazwe. Ezi nkonzo zinokuba luncedo kumashishini ajonge ukufikelela kubaphulaphuli ababanzi kunye nokwakha ubudlelwane nabathengi abanokubakho kwingingqi, kunye nabaphambukeli abafuna uncedo lokuququzelela unxibelelwano olulula phakathi kweenkcubeko. Ukongeza kwezi zibonelelo zisebenzayo, ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zokuguqulela ezichanekileyo nezithembekileyo kunokunceda ukugcina ulwimi kunye nenkcubeko yabantu abathetha isibulgaria.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isibulgaria?

Ulwimi lwesibulgaria luthethwa ikakhulu Ebulgaria, kodwa ikwathethwa nakwamanye amazwe afana Neserbia, Imontenegro, Emantla Emacedonia, Iromania, Iukraine, Neturkey, kunye noluntu oluncinci lwasebulgaria kwihlabathi liphela.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesibulgaria?

Ulwimi lwesibulgaria lunembali ende kwaye eyahlukileyo. Kukholelwa ukuba yaziswa kuqala kwingingqi yasebulgaria yanamhlanje ngekhulu le-7 AD Yibulgars, eyayingabantu Baseturkey abahlala kwindawo ngoku eyirussia. Ulwimi ababeluthetha lwalubizwa Ngokuba Yi-Old bulgaria okanye I-Old Chuvash, kwaye kukholelwa ukuba luvela kwiilwimi ezithethwa Yi-Huns, eyayihlasele le ndawo ngekhulu le-4.
Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ulwimi Lwebulgars ludityaniswe neelwimi Zeslavic zabantu bomthonyama, ngakumbi Impuma Yeslavic iilwimi, kubandakanya imacedonia nesiserbia. Lo mxube waziwa Ngokuba sisibulgaria Samaxesha Aphakathi, esasineefom ezimbini ezibhaliweyo: Islavonic Yecawa, ulwimi loncwadi olusetyenziswa Yicawa Yobuothodoki, kunye nolwimi loncwadi lwesibulgaria, olwavela kuhlobo oluthethwayo lwesibulgaria.
Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwesibulgaria sanamhlanje luye lwavela, luthathe Indawo Yecawa Yeslavonic kunye nolwimi lokubhala lwasebulgaria. Ukutyhubela inkulungwane ye-19 neye-20, ulwimi lwasebulgaria lwaphuculwa kakhulu, ekugqibeleni lwaba lulwimi olusemthethweni Lweriphabhlikhi yanamhlanje Yasebulgaria ngo-1945.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesibulgaria?

1. Ucyril Nomethodius 2. Tsar Simeon Wasebulgaria 3. Paisius ka Hilendar 4. Ukonstantin Wasepreslav 5. Ivan Shishman wasebulgaria

Uluphi ulwimi lwasebulgaria?

Ubume bebulgaria bufana nolunye ulwimi Lweslavic. Lulwimi olusebenzayo, olunezibizo kunye nezichazi ezineziphelo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwazo kwisivakalisi. Izenzi nazo zineziphelo ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwixesha kunye nomntu. Njengezinye iilwimi Zeslavic, ibulgaria inamatyala amathandathu kwizibizo, izimelabizo, kunye nezichazi: ukutyunjwa, ukutyhola, i-dative, i-instrumental, prepositional, kunye ne-vocative. Umyalelo wegama ngokuqhelekileyo Isihloko-Isenzi-Into kodwa ingahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo sesivakalisi okanye ugxininiso.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwasebulgaria ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Thatha Ikhosi Yolwimi lwasebulgaria: Ukuthatha ikhosi yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokufunda isibulgaria. Ukuze ufumane okuninzi kwikhosi yakho, qiniseka ukuba uya kuzo zonke iiklasi kwaye uthathe inxaxheba kwiingxoxo.
2. Sebenzisa Izixhobo Ezikwi-Intanethi: zininzi izibonelelo ezibalaseleyo ezikwi-intanethi ezifumanekayo ukukunceda ufunde isibulgaria. Iisayithi ezininzi zibonelela ngezifundo ezisebenzisanayo kunye nemisebenzi, amaphepha okusebenzela akhutshelweyo kunye neefayile zomsindo, kunye neenkcazo ezineenkcukacha zemithetho yegrama. Ezinye websites nkqu kunikela live incoko kunye native isijamani speakers.
3. Zenzele: Ukuntywiliselwa kubalulekile ekufundeni ulwimi. Zama ukufumana abahlobo basebulgaria okanye uzibhaptize kwinkcubeko Yasebulgaria. Mamela unomathotholo wasebulgaria kwaye ubukele iimovie zasebulgaria, mamela umculo kwaye ufunde iincwadi ngesibulgaria kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
4. Ukuziqhelanisa, Ukuziqhelanisa: Nje Ukuba ufunde iziseko, eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufuneka uyenzile kukuqhubeka nokuziqhelanisa! Qiniseka ukuba uthetha isibulgaria kangangoko kunokwenzeka kunye nezithethi zomthonyama kwaye usebenzise izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ukugcina inkqubela yakho.