O. s. Gujarati Guqulela

Itajik, okanye Itajik, lulwimi oluthethwa Kumbindi Asia Nakumbindi Mpuma. Ulwimi Lwase-Indo-Iran, olunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nesipersi kodwa kunye neempawu zayo ezahlukileyo. Etajikistan, lulwimi olusemthethweni, kwaye ikwathethwa ngabancinci Ekazakhstan, Euzbekistan, Eafghanistan Naserussia. Ngenxa yokuthandwa kwayo, kukho imfuno eyandayo yokuguqulela ukusuka nasetajik.

Inguqulelo yetajik yinkonzo ebalulekileyo kumashishini nakubantu ngabanye. Kumashishini, iinkonzo zokuguqulela etajik zibonelela ngokufikelela kwiimarike ezintsha, zivumela iinkampani ukuba zinxibelelane ngokufanelekileyo nabanye kwicandelo labo. Oku kuluncedo ngakumbi kwabo benza urhwebo lwamanye amazwe kunye norhwebo. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zinokusetyenziselwa ukuququzelela unxibelelwano phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente, ukunceda imibutho yoluntu kunye nemibutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente ukuba ihlale iphendula kwaye isebenza.

Abantu kusenokufuneka basebenzise iinkonzo zomguquleli xa befaka isicelo somsebenzi okanye xa befuna uncedo lwezonyango. Amashishini abandakanyeka kwintengiso ye-intanethi anokufumana kuluncedo ukusebenzisa iinguqulelo zomxholo wewebhusayithi kunye nezinto zokwazisa etajik.

Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa iinkonzo zobungcali xa kuguqulelwa phakathi kwazo naziphi na iilwimi ezimbini. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo banobuchule kwiilwimi ezininzi kwaye baqonda izinto zolwimi ngalunye. Baqinisekisa ukuchaneka, ukucaca nokufundeka kwiinguqulelo zabo. Umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo naye uqhubeka enolwazi lwaso nasiphi na isigama esitshintshayo, esibalulekileyo ekuchanekeni.

Abaguquleli abaqinisekisiweyo baxabiseke kakhulu kwiindibaniselwano zolwimi ezingenayo imigangatho ephucukileyo. Bangakwazi ukuguqulela amaxwebhu ngokuchanekileyo nangendlela eya kwamkelwa ngabafuduki kunye nezinye iinkonzo zikarhulumente. Iinguqulelo eziqinisekisiweyo zihlala zifuneka kwizicelo kwiiyunivesithi kunye neenjongo zokufudukela kwelinye ilizwe.

Ukuba ufuna iinkonzo zokuguqulela itajik, kubalulekile ukuba ukhethe umboneleli onokuthenjwa, oqeqeshiweyo. Khetha umguquleli onamava kwicandelo lakho kwaye unokuhambisa ngexesha. Kukwabalulekile ukuba uqwalasele umgangatho womsebenzi wabo, njengoko iinguqulelo ezininzi zineempazamo. Uphando olunzulu kunye nophononongo lwabathengi lunokukunceda ufumane umguquleli onokumthemba.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwesitajik?

Ulwimi lwesitajik ikakhulu luthethwa Etajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan nasekyrgyzstan. Ikwathethwa ngabantu abancinci Erashiya, Eturkey, Epakistan, Eiran, nakwamanye amazwe awayesakuba Yisoviet republics.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesitajik?

I-Tajik yinguqulelo yanamhlanje yolwimi lwesipersi oluthethwa E-Iran Nase-Afghanistan. Ikakhulu yindibaniselwano yeelwimi ezivela kulwimi lwasepersi kunye nolwangaphambili, Umpersi Ophakathi (okwabizwa Ngokuba Ngupahlavi). Kuye kwachaphazeleka kakhulu kwezinye iilwimi, kubandakanya isirashiya, isingesi, Isimandarin, Isihindi, isiuzbek, isiturkmen kunye nabanye. Ulwimi lwangoku lwesitajik lwaqala ukusekwa ngexesha le-8th century AD, xa izizwe zasempuma Ze-Iranian, ezazize kummandla emva Kokunqoba Kwe-Arabhu Yasepersia, zamkela ulwimi kwaye zaqala ukulusebenzisa kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Ngenkulungwane ye-9, isixeko Sasebukhara saba likomkhulu lobukhosi bamasamanid, obabuyindawo yokuqala yokuthetha amapersi Kumbindi Weasia. Ngeli xesha, inkcubeko kunye noncwadi lwachuma kuloo ndawo, kwaye ulwimi oluthethwayo lwalo mmandla ngokuthe ngcembe lwavela kwinto esiyaziyo ngoku njengetajik.
Ngekhulu lama-20, ulwimi lwesitajik lwaqulunqwa ngokusemthethweni kwaye lufakwe kwiikharityhulam zezikolo. Ukusukela ngoko, iye yaba lulwimi olubalulekileyo Kumbindi Asia. Ulwimi luye lwavela, kwaye amagama amatsha afakiwe kwisigama kule minyaka idlulileyo. Namhlanje, itajik lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasetajikistan kwaye kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezisi-7, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwelizwe.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesitajik?

1. Abdulmejid Dzhuraev-umphengululi, umbhali kunye unjingalwazi ulwimi Tajik owaba negalelo standardization yayo mihla.
2. Umirzo Tursunzoda-imbongi eyaziwayo, ezopolitiko kunye nombhali wasetajikistan owaziwayo ngendima yakhe ekudumiseni ulwimi lwesitajik kunye noncwadi.
3. I-Sadriddin Aini-umbhali odumileyo wasetajik onemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yelifa lemveli letajik.
4. Uakhmadjon Mahmudov-umbhali, ingcali yeelwimi, nomphengululi owayencedisa ekumiseleni iindibano zokubhala zale mihla zesitajik.
5. Umuhammadjon Sharipov - imbongi kunye nomlobi wezincoko oncedise ekubumbeni ulwimi lwesitajik ngemisebenzi yakhe.

Uluphi ulwimi lwetajik?

Ulwimi lwesitajik lolwesebe lase-Iranian losapho Lwe-Indo-European. Isakhiwo sayo esisisiseko sinamacandelo amabini: ulwimi lwakudala Lwase-Iranian, olubonakaliswa yinkqubo yesini esithathu, kunye neelwimi Zaseasia, ezibonakaliswa yinkqubo yesini esibini. Ukongeza, ulwimi luquka iziqalelo zesiarabhu,isipersi, kunye nezinye iilwimi, ezibonisa iyantlukwano yenkcubeko. Ulwimi lwetajik lunesakhiwo sokuhlalutya, esithetha ukuba sixhomekeke ngakumbi kulandelelwano lwegama kunye nezixhobo ezihambelanayo ezinjengeziphelo zecala kune-morphology ye-infectional. Umyalelo wegama ubaluleke kakhulu kwi-Tajik; izivakalisi ziqala ngesihloko kwaye ziphele ngesivisa.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesitajik ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufumana incwadi elungileyo yolwimi lwetajik okanye ikhosi ekwi-intanethi. Qiniseka ukuba igubungela igrama, ukufunda, ukubhala, ukuthetha kunye nokumamela.
2. Fumana ukurekhodwa kwevidiyo kwi-taiwan kwaye ubukele iividiyo kwi-taiwan. Qiniseka ukuba ugxininise ekubizeni kwaye uzame ukuxelisa.
3. Qala ukufunda iitekisi ezilula etajik. Zama ukuqikelela intsingiselo yamagama angaqhelekanga kwaye ujonge ukubizwa kwamagama kunye neenkcazo zala magama.
4. Ziqhelise ukuthetha Tajik kunye izithethi zomthonyama. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokutshintshiselana ngewebhusayithi ezifana Ne-Italki okanye I-Exchange Exchange. Unokujoyina iklabhu yolwimi lwetajik okanye ikhosi.
5. Practice ukubhala Tajik usebenzisa izixhobo online ezifana translate Okanye Google Translate.
6. Okokugqibela, zibekele usukelo oluthe rhoqo ukuze ugcine inkuthazo yakho iphezulu kwaye ulandele inkqubela yakho.

Isingesi lulwimi oluthethwa zizigidi zabantu kwi-indian subcontinent kwaye luyinxalenye yolwimi lwesizwe lwasebangladesh. Yenye yeelwimi ezithandwa Kakhulu Ezithethwa Eindiya kunye nolwimi olusemthethweni Lwasebangladesh, isenza ulwimi olubalulekileyo kumashishini nakwezinye iintengiselwano zamanye amazwe. Ukuze unxibelelane ngokufanelekileyo nezithethi Zesibengali kunye nokufikelela kuncwadi, iinkonzo, kunye neemveliso zoluntu oluthetha Isibengali, ukuguqulela amaxwebhu kunye neewebhusayithi Ngesibengali kubalulekile.

Xa kuziwa ekuguquleleni amaxwebhu kunye newebhusayithi Kwi-Bengali, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukubaluleka kokunxibelelana umyalezo ngokuchanekileyo nangendlela elula ukuyiqonda. Umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo unokuqeshwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba uxwebhu lwakho luguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo, unikela ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwiimpawu zolwimi ukuze uguqulelo lubambe intsingiselo yokwenyani yesicatshulwa. Iinguqulelo nazo zihlolwe umgangatho kwaye zihlelwe ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezingcono.

Kunokuba nzima ukufumana umguquleli onobuchule kwisingesi Nesibengali. Nangona kunjalo, ngoncedo lweenkonzo zokuguqulela kunye nolawulo, unokufumana ngokukhawuleza umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo oqhelene nolwimi kunye nenkcubeko. Kukwabalulekile ukujonga iziqinisekiso zabo, amava kunye nepotifoliyo ngaphambi kokukhetha umguquleli.

Enye into ebalulekileyo ekufuneka uyiqwalasele xa ujongene nenguqulelo Yesibengali yindawo yokuhlala. I-localization ibandakanya ukudala umxholo othathela ingqalelo imeko yenkcubeko yabaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo. Ulwimi olukhethwayo neziyelelane, amasiko asekuhlaleni nezicatshulwa zonke kufuneka zibalwe ukuze uguqulelo lube yimpumelelo.

Iimpazamo zokuguqulela zinokuba nemiphumo emibi. Ke ngoko, xa ujongana nenguqulelo Yesibengali, kubalulekile ukuba uqiniseke ukuba imihla ebekiweyo iyafezekiswa, amaxabiso afanelekileyo, kwaye umgangatho ophezulu ugcinwa kuyo yonke inkqubo. Ngomguquleli ofanelekileyo kunye nokuphononongwa ngokucokisekileyo koxwebhu oluguqulelweyo, unokuqinisekisa ukuba intsingiselo yesicatshulwa sakho santlandlolo sihanjiswa ngokuchanekileyo ngolwimi ekujoliswe kulo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Isibhulu?

I-bangladesh ne-Indiya zithetha i-bangladesh. Ikwathethwa ngabantu abambalwa Enepal, Eunited Arab Emirates, Esaudi Arabia, Esingapore, E-United kingdom Nase-United states.

Ziziphi iilwimi Zesibengali?

Ulwimi Lwesibengali lunembali ende kwaye etyebileyo. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasebangladesh kunye nolwimi lwesibini oluthethwayo Eindiya. Yeyase-Indo-Aryan yeelwimi Zase-Indo-European kwaye yenye Yeelwimi Zasempuma Ze-Indo-Aryan. Kucingelwa ukuba iphuhliswe kwi-Pali, luhlobo Lweprakrit oluthethwa ngabaphengululi Bamabuddha kwi-8th century ad.
Ukusukela ngoko, iye yavela ngamagama amaninzi abolekwe kwipersi, isiarabhu, isiphuthukezi, isidatshi nesingesi. Kwinkulungwane ye-19th, Ibengali yaziswa njengolwimi olusemthethweni Lwasebritane India kwaye oku kwaphucula ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunye nophuhliso.
Namhlanje, Ibengali lulwimi loncwadi noluthethwayo. Ineskripthi sayo, esibhalwe ngokwahlukileyo kwiskripthi Sedevanagari. Olu lwimi lukwasetyenziswa kuncwadi, ingakumbi imibongo neprose, nakwiingoma, imidlalo neefilimu.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesibengali?

1. Irabindranath Tagore 2. Bankim Chandra Chattopadyay 3. Umichael Madhusudan Dutt 4. Kazrul Islam 5. At Bandyopadyay

Uluphi ulwimi Lwesingesi?

I-Bengali lilungu losapho Lweelwimi Zase-Indo-Aryan kwaye ibhalwe kwiskripthi Sase-Bengali. Kuyinto morphologically kwaye syntactically ulwimi analytical kunye agglutinative kunye nomlinganiswa kakhulu. Isakhiwo sayo siquka inkqubo yesandi, ukubunjwa kwamagama, i-syntax, i-morphology, i-phonology kunye nokunye. Ulwimi lusebenzisa izenzi, izikhundla, amasuntswana, izivakalisi, izichazi, izenzi, izibizo kunye nezenzi ukwenza izivakalisi. Ngokwenkqubo yesandi, isebenzisa zombini izikhamiso a ,ā, i, wembe, u, ū, e, o kunye namaqabane olwimi Lwesihindi olunje k, kh, g, g, ṅ, c, ch, j, j, j,n, ñ,,, ṇ, ṇ, ṇ, d, d, d, d, p, ph, b, m, y, r, l,v, h kunye no-sh.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwesibengali ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngeziseko: Ukufunda ialfabhethi linyathelo lokuqala lokufunda naluphi na ulwimi, Kwaye Isibengali asifani. Ziqhelanise nealfabhethi Yesibengali kunye nezibizo ezinxulumene noko.
2. Zibhokoxe ngolwimi: ukuchanabeka kulwimi Lwesibengali yonke imihla yenye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokulifunda. Mamela umculo Wesibengali, bukela iifilimu Zesibengali kunye nemiboniso YETV, kwaye uncokole nezithethi zomthonyama Zesibengali kwi-intanethi.
3. Ziqhelise ukuthetha nokubhala: Chitha ixesha uziqhelanisa nokuthetha nokubhala Ngesibengali yonke imihla. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kumaqela engxoxo okanye iiforamu, kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokubhala idayari okanye izithuba zeblogi Ngesibengali.
4. Thatha ikhosi: Ukuthatha iklasi yolwimi Lwesibengali yindlela entle yokufunda ulwimi ngokufanelekileyo. Uya kufumana ukufikelela kutitshala onolwazi kwaye ufunde indlela yokwakha izivakalisi ngokuchanekileyo.
5. Sebenzisa I-Intanethi: zininzi izibonelelo eziluncedo ezikhoyo kwi-Intanethi ukukunceda ufunde Ibengali. Khangela iiwebhusayithi ezibonelela ngezifundo zomsindo kunye nevidiyo, izifundo zegrama, uluhlu lwesigama, imibuzo kunye nokunye.