Esperantoname Khmername Guqulela

I-Esperanto lulwimi lwamazwe aphesheya olwakhiwe ngo-1887 Ngugqirha Ll Zamenhof, ugqirha ozelwe epoland kunye nengcali yeelwimi. Yenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukuqonda kwamazwe aphesheya kunye nonxibelelwano lwamanye amazwe, kwaye ibe lulwimi lwesibini olusebenzayo kubantu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Namhlanje, I-Esperanto ithetha ngabantu abazizigidi ezininzi kumazwe angaphezu kwe-100, kwaye isetyenziswa yimibutho emininzi yezizwe ngezizwe njengolwimi olusebenzayo.

Igrama Yase-Esperanto ithathwa njengento elula kakhulu, eyenza kube lula ukufunda kunezinye iilwimi. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ngakumbi ukuguqulela. Ukongeza, I-Esperanto yamkelwa ngokubanzi kwaye iqondwa, ivumela ukuba isetyenziswe kwiiprojekthi zokuguqulela eziya kufuna iilwimi ezininzi.

Inguqulelo ye-Esperanto inendawo ekhethekileyo kwihlabathi lokuguqulela. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iinguqulelo, ezidalwe zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi ekujoliswe kulo, inguqulelo Ye-Esperanto ixhomekeke kwiitoliki ezinolwazi oluhle zombini I-Esperanto kunye nolwimi lomthombo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaguquleli akufuneki babe zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi ukuze baguqulele ngokuchanekileyo.

Xa uguqulela ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya Esperanto, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi lomthombo lumelwe ngokuchanekileyo kuguqulelo olunesiphumo. Oku kunokuba ngumceli mngeni, njengoko ezinye iilwimi ziqulathe amabinzana, amagama, kunye neengcamango ezingaguqulelwanga ngokuthe ngqo Kwi-Esperanto. Uqeqesho olulodwa kunye nobuchule bunokufuneka ukuqinisekisa ukuba le miba yolwimi lwantlandlolo ichazwe ngokufanelekileyo kwinguqulelo Yesi-Esperanto.

Ukongezelela, ekubeni I-Esperanto ayinayo i-concepts okanye amagama athile, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa i-circumcution ukuchaza ezi ngcamango ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo. Le yenye indlela yokuba inguqulelo Ye-Esperanto yahluke kakhulu kwiinguqulelo ezenziwa kwezinye iilwimi, apho ibinzana elifanayo okanye ingqiqo inokuba nokulingana ngokuthe ngqo.

Ngokubanzi, inguqulelo Ye-Esperanto sisixhobo esahlukileyo nesiluncedo ekukhuthazeni ukuqonda kunye nonxibelelwano lwamanye amazwe. Ngokuxhomekeka kwiitoliki ngokuqonda okunzulu kolwimi lomthombo kunye Ne-Esperanto, iinguqulelo zinokugqitywa ngokukhawuleza nangokuchanekileyo. Okokugqibela, ngokusebenzisa i-circumcution ukuchaza iikhonsepthi ezinzima kunye nezaci, abaguquleli banokuqinisekisa ukuba intsingiselo yolwimi lomthombo idluliselwa ngokuchanekileyo kwinguqulelo Ye-Esperanto.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwe-Esperanto?

I-Esperanto ayilulo ulwimi oluvunyiweyo ngokusemthethweni kulo naliphi na ilizwe. Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga nabantu abazizigidi ezi-2 kwihlabathi liphela banokuthetha I-Esperanto, ke kuthethwa kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela. Ithethwa kakhulu kumazwe afana Nejamani, Ijapan, Ipoland, Ibrazil Netshayina.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Yi-Esperanto?

I-Esperanto lulwimi lwamazwe aphesheya olwakhiwe ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 yi-ophthalmologist Yasepoland Ull Zamenhof. Injongo yakhe yayikukuyila ulwimi oluya kuba yibhulorho esetyenziswa ngokubanzi phakathi kweenkcubeko, iilwimi kunye nobuzwe. Wakhetha ulwimi olulula, awayekholelwa ukuba kuya kuba lula ukulufunda kuneelwimi ezikhoyo.
Uzamenhof wapapasha incwadi yokuqala ngolwimi lwakhe, " Unua Libro "("Incwadi Yokuqala"), ngojulayi 26, 1887 phantsi kwegama elingugqirha Esperanto (elithetha "lowo unethemba"). I-Esperanto yasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yaba yintshukumo yezizwe ngezizwe. Ngeli xesha, imisebenzi emininzi enzulu nefundileyo yabhalwa ngolwimi. I-International Congress yaqala ngo-1905 Efransi.
Ngomnyaka we-1908, I-Universal Esperanto Association (I-UEA) yasungulwa ngenjongo yokukhuthaza ulwimi kunye nokuqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, Amazwe aliqela amkela Iesperanto njengolwimi lwawo olusemthethweni oluncedisayo yaye kwasekwa imibutho emitsha eliqela ehlabathini lonke.
Imfazwe Yehlabathi Yesibili yabangela ubunzima ekuphuhlisweni Kwe-Esperanto, kodwa ayizange ife. Ngo-1954, I-UEA yamkela Isibhengezo Saseboulogne, esabeka imigaqo esisiseko kunye neenjongo Ze-Esperanto. Oku kwalandelwa kukwamkelwa Kwesibhengezo Samalungelo E-Esperanto ngo-1961.
Namhlanje, Iesperanto ithetha ngabantu abangamawaka aliqela ehlabathini lonke, ngokuyintloko njengomdlalo wokuzonwabisa, nangona eminye imibutho isakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengolwimi olusebenzisekayo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngoobani abona bantu ba-5 baphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwase-Esperanto?

1. Ludoviko Zamenhof-Umdali Wolwimi Lwe-Esperanto.
2. Uwilliam Auld-imbongi yasescotland kunye nombhali owabhala inkondlo yeklasi "Adiaŭ" E-Esperanto, kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi ngolwimi.
3. U-Humphrey Tonkin-unjingalwazi wasemelika kunye nowayesakuba ngumongameli We-Universal Esperanto Association obhale ngaphezulu kweencwadi ezilishumi E-Esperanto.
4. Unkulunkulu uqobo lwakhe, oyingqayizivele i izwi lesishiyagalolunye Izwi lesishiyagalolunye Unkulunkulu uqobo lwakhe, oyingqayizivele i Izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili izwi lesishiyagalombili
5. Probal Dasgupta-umbhali Waseindiya, umhleli kunye nomguquleli owabhala incwadi ecacileyo kwigrama Ye-Esperanto, "Igrama Entsha Eyenziwe Lula Ye-Esperanto". Kwakhona unikwe ithuba lokuvuselela ulwimi Lwase-Indiya.

Luluphi ulwimi Oluthethwa Yi-Esperanto?

I-Esperanto lulwimi olwakhiwe ngabom, oko kuthetha ukuba lwenzelwe ngabom ukuba lube sesikweni, lube sengqiqweni kwaye lube lula ukulufunda. Lulwimi oluguqukayo oluthetha ukuba amagama amatsha ayenziwa ngokudibanisa iingcambu kunye nezihlanganisi, esenza ukuba ulwimi lube lula ngakumbi ukufunda kuneelwimi zendalo. Umyalelo wayo osisiseko ulandela indlela efanayo yeelwimi Ezininzi Zaseyurophu: isihloko-isenzi-into (SVO). Igrama ilula kakhulu njengoko kungekho nqaku eliqinisekileyo okanye elingapheliyo kwaye akukho mahluko wesini kwizibizo. Akukho zitenxo, oko kuthetha ukuba xa ufunda imigaqo, unokuyisebenzisa kulo naliphi na igama.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwe-Esperanto ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko zolwimi Lwase-Esperanto. Funda iziseko zegrama, isigama, kunye nokubiza amagama. Zininzi izibonelelo zasimahla kwi-intanethi, Ezinje Ngeduolingo, Lernu, Kunye Ne-La Lingvo Internacia.
2. Sebenzisa ulwimi. Thetha Kwi-Esperanto kunye nezithethi zomthonyama okanye kuluntu Lwe-Esperanto ekwi-intanethi. Xa kunokwenzeka, yiya kwimisitho Yase-Esperanto nakwiindibano zocweyo. Oku kuya kukunceda ufunde ulwimi ngendlela yendalo ngakumbi kwaye ufumane ingxelo kwizithethi ezinamava.
3. Funda iincwadi uze ubukele iifilimu Esperanto. Oku kuya kukunceda uphuhlise ukuqonda kwakho ulwimi kwaye kukunceda wakhe isigama sakho.
4. Fumana iqabane lencoko okanye uthathe ikhosi Ye-Esperanto. Ukuba nomntu onokuziqhelanisa nolwimi rhoqo kuyindlela entle yokufunda.
5. Sebenzisa ulwimi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Eyona ndlela yokufumana ulwimi lwakho kukulusebenzisa kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Nokuba uncokola nabahlobo okanye ubhala ii-imeyile, sebenzisa I-Esperanto kangangoko unako.

I-Khmer lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasekhambodiya kwaye luthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-16 emhlabeni jikelele. Ulwimi lolwaseaustroasiatic usapho lweelwimi, ezibandakanya iilwimi Zasevietnam kunye nesimon-Khmer ezifana Nekhmer Kunye Nesimon. I-Khmer iyingqayizivele phakathi kwezalamane Zayo Emzantsi-Mpuma Asia ngenxa yenkqubo yayo yokubhala. I-khmer script, eyaziwa ngokuba Yi "Khmer Rouge" ngenxa yokunxulumana kwayo nembali kunye neqela elilawulayo Lamakomanisi ngexesha Lemfazwe Yamakhaya Yasekhambodiya, isebenzisa indibaniselwano yeeleta ze-consonant kunye ne-diacritics yokubhala i-syllabic.

Nangona i-Diacritics yayo, inkqubo yokubhala Yekhmer ilula ukufunda xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iilwimi Zasempuma Asia. Iileta zibhalwe ngendlela elungeleleneyo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuzifunda. Oku kunceda ukwenza uguqulelo Lwekhmer lube lula kuneenguqulelo ezibandakanya ezinye iilwimi.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ze-Khmer ziya zisanda ngenxa yokunyuka kwamathuba oshishino kunye nokhenketho Ecambodia. Ngenxa yoko, iinkampani ezininzi zokuguqulela ziye zavela ukunceda ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kwesingesi Nekhmer.

Xa ukhetha inkampani yokuguqulela Ye-Khmer, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela amava omguquleli kunye nolwazi lolwimi. Kukwabalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba umguquleli uqhelene nenkcubeko kwaye ubalaselisa izinto ezithile kulwimi ezinokuthi zingahoywa.

Ukongeza, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkampani yokuguqulela ibonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo nezifike ngexesha. Oku kunokwenza wonke umahluko xa unxibelelana namashishini okanye abantu Ecambodia. Ukuchaneka kubaluleke kakhulu kumaxwebhu oshishino kunye nezivumelwano, ngoko kuhlawula ukutyala imali kubaguquleli Bekhmer abathembekileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukufumana inkampani yokuguqulela enikezela ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo. Ngeenkampani ezininzi ezibonelela ngeenkonzo zokuguqulela Ze-Khmer, ihlawula ukuthenga ngeenxa zonke kwaye ithelekise amaxabiso ukuze ifumane eyona nto ibalaseleyo.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela ze-Khmer zingabaluleka kubantu kunye namashishini afuna ukwenza ishishini Ecambodia. Xa beguqulela, banokuqinisekisa ukuba unxibelelwano lwabo luchanekile kwaye lufanelekile ngokwenkcubeko. Ngoko unganqikazi ukujonga iinkonzo zokuguqulela Ze-Khmer ukuba unemfuno yazo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwekhmer?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer luthethwa ikakhulu Ecambodia. Ikwathethwa Evietnam Nasethailand, phakathi kwamanye amazwe.

Yintoni i-Khmer language?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer lulwimi Oluthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezili-16 Ekhambodiya, Evietnam, Ethailand Nasefransi. Ulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasekhambodiya kwaye lusetyenziswe kulo mmandla ukususela kwinkulungwane yokuqala AD..
Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo Kwi-Khmer ibuyele kwi-7th century AD, kodwa ulwimi luye lwajikeleza ixesha elide kunokuba. Kangangeenkulungwane ngaphambi kwenkulungwane yesi-7, Ubukhosi Bekhmer babulawulwa ngabantu abathetha Isanskrit baseindiya. Ngekhulu le-8, ulwimi Lwekhmer lwaqala ukubonakala njengolwimi olwahlukileyo.
Ulwimi Lwekhmer lwaphenjelelwa kakhulu lulwimi Lwepali, olwaziswa luvela Emzantsi India ngenkulungwane ye-9 ngabathunywa Bevangeli Baseindiya Abangamabhuda. Impembelelo Ye-Pali Kunye Nesisanskrit, edityaniswe nolwimi lwe-Austroasiatic lwalo mmandla, yazala Ikhmer yanamhlanje.
Ukusukela ngoko, Ikhmer iye yathandwa kakhulu kwaye ngoku lolona lwimi luthethwa Kakhulu Ecambodia. Ikwayenye yeelwimi ezisemthethweni Zombutho Wezizwe Zasemzantsi-Mpuma Asia (I-ASEAN).

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwekhmer?

1. I-Preah Ang Eng (i-17th century): umntu obalulekileyo kwimbali Yolwimi Lwekhmer, U-Preah Ang Eng wabhala imisebenzi emininzi eyayinegalelo ekulondolozeni nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi. Ubizwa ngokuba ngumshicileli wokuqala Wokushicilela Emzantsi-Mpuma We-Asia kunye nokwazisa inguqulelo ebhaliweyo Yolwimi Lwekhmer.
2. I-chankirirom (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19): I-Chankirirom ye-Chey ithathwa njengenye yamanani abalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi Lwekhmer. Waqulunqa inkqubo yokubhala esekelwe kwiskripthi se-devanagari esasetyenziswa nanamhlanje kwaye yayinoxanduva lokulinganisa upelo kunye negrama.
3. U-Thong Hy (ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20): U-Thong Hy uyaziwa ngomsebenzi wakhe ophazamisayo ekuphuhliseni i-Khmer dictionary. Isichazi-magama sakhe sapapashwa ngo-1923 kwaye sisasetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengesixhobo Sokubhekisa kulwimi Lwekhmer.
4. I-Venerable Chuon Nath (i-20th century): i-abbot Yewat Botum Vaddey, I-Venerable Chuon Nath ihlonishwa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wakhe ekulondolozeni nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi Lwekhmer. Wayengomnye wabantu bokuqala ukwabelana ngeemfundiso Zebuddhist Kwi-Khmer kwaye uye wadlalwa ngokunceda ukugcina inkcubeko Yekhmer.
5. I-Huy Kanthoul (i-21st century): enye yamanani anempembelelo kwi-khmer language namhlanje, U-Huy Kanthoul unjingalwazi kunye nolwimi olusebenze ngokungakhathali ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa Kwe-Khmer kwimfundo. Uphuhlise iincwadi ezininzi zolwimi Lwekhmer kwaye ungummeli ovakalayo wamalungelo Olwimi Lwekhmer.

Uluphi ulwimi lwekhmer?

Ulwimi Lwekhmer lulwimi Lwe-Austroasia, oluhlala kwintsapho yasemon-Khmer. Lulwimi lokuhlalutya olunomxholo-isenzi-into igama elithi umyalelo kwaye isebenzisa iipostpositions endaweni yezilungiso. Inenkqubo etyebileyo yezimaphambili, kubandakanya izimaphambili ezahlukeneyo, izimamva kunye neenkcukacha. Izibizo zayo ziphawulwe ngenani kunye nezenzi zayo zomntu, inombolo, umba, ilizwi kunye nomoya. Inenkqubo yeetoni ezintlanu, ezisetyenziselwa ukwahlula iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwekhmer ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda ialfabhethi: I-Khmer ibhalwa ngokusebenzisa iskripthi se-abugida esibizwa Ngokuba Yi-Aksar Khmer, ngoko kubalulekile ukuqala ngokuziqhelanisa noonobumba kunye neefom zabo ezahlukeneyo. Unokufumana izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ukukunceda ufunde ialfabhethi.
2. Isigama esisisiseko se-Master: Xa uqhelene ne-alfabhethi, begin ukusebenza ekufundeni amagama asisiseko Kunye namabinzana Ekhmer. Ungasebenzisa izichazi-magama ezikwi-intanethi, iincwadi zezifundo, kunye neeapps ukukhangela amagama kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokubiza amagama.
3. Thatha iklasi: Ukuba ufuna ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufunda ulwimi ngokuchanekileyo, bhalisela iklasi Yolwimi Lwekhmer kwisikolo sasekuhlaleni okanye eyunivesithi. Ukuthatha iklasi kuya kukunika ithuba lokubuza imibuzo kunye nokuziqhelanisa nomqeqeshi.
4. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama: ukuze uqhelane ngokwenene nendlela Ikhmer ethethwa ngayo, zama ukuchitha ixesha lokuphulaphula izithethi zomthonyama. Ungabukela imiboniso kamabonwakude okanye iimuvi Kwi-Khmer, umamele iipodcasts, okanye ufumane iingoma ngolwimi.
5. Ukuziqhelanisa nokubhala nokuthetha: Nje Ukuba ube nolwazi olusisiseko lolwimi, qala ukuziqhelanisa nokubhala nokuthetha Khmer. Qala ukufunda ngolwimi kwaye uzame ukuba neengxoxo kunye nezithethi zomthonyama. Oku kuya kukunceda wakhe ukuzithemba kwaye uphuhlise izakhono zakho.