Isixhosa Isibhulu Guqulela

Isingesi lolona lwimi luthethwayo kwihlabathi liphela, kwaye sisebenza njengebhulorho phakathi kweenkcubeko zabantu kwihlabathi liphela. Isidingo senguqulelo yesingesi siyanda, njengoko amashishini amaninzi nangakumbi, oorhulumente kunye nemibutho bayaliqonda ixabiso lokunxibelelana kwimiqobo yolwimi.

Inkqubo yokuguqulela isingesi ibandakanya ukuthatha uxwebhu lomthombo olubhalwe ngolunye ulwimi kwaye uliguqulele kolunye ulwimi ngaphandle kokuphulukana nentsingiselo yoqobo. Oku kunokuba lula njengokuguqulela ibinzana, okanye intsonkothile njengokudala inoveli yonke okanye ingcaciso edibeneyo kwiilwimi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

Abaguquleli besingesi baxhomekeke kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwenguqulelo. Kufuneka babe nolwazi olunzulu lweelwimi zombini kwaye bakwazi ukutolika ngokuchanekileyo amagama ngentsingiselo kunye nomxholo. Ukongeza, iingcali zeelwimi ezijolise kwinguqulelo yesingesi kufuneka zibe nokuqonda okunzulu kwesigama senkcubeko, iindawo kunye namasiko.

Kuthatha iminyaka yokufunda kunye nokuziqhelanisa ukuba ngumguquleli wesingesi osebenzayo, kwaye abaninzi bakhetha ukulandela isatifikethi ngemibutho yabaguquleli okanye iiyunivesithi. Esi siqinisekiso asibonisi kuphela ubuchule babo, kodwa siqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wabo uhlangabezana nemigangatho ethile yomgangatho kunye nokusebenza okubekwe ngumzimba oqeqeshiweyo. Ukuqinisekiswa kwakhona kunceda abaguquleli besingesi bahlale behlaziyekile kunye nophuhliso lwamva nje lweshishini.

Inguqulelo yesingesi sisakhono esibalulekileyo esivumela abantu abaneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ukuba banxibelelane kwaye babelane ngezimvo kunye namava. Njengoko ihlabathi liqhubeka likhula kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye lidibanisa, inguqulelo yesingesi yinto ebalulekileyo kwishishini, kwezentlalo nakwezopolitiko.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isingesi?

Isingesi lulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu kwaye lulwimi olusemthethweni kumazwe amaninzi kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya I-United States, I-United Kingdom, I-Canada, I-Australia, I-Ireland, I-New Zealand, Ijamaica, Kunye namanye amazwe Kwiziqithi Zecaribbean Nasepacific. Isingesi lulwimi olusemthethweni Eindiya, Epakistan, Kwiiphilippines, nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi Eafrika Naseasia.

Yintoni imbali yolwimi lwesingesi?

Ulwimi lwesingesi luneengcambu zalo Kusapho Lweelwimi Zasentshona Jamani, ekukholelwa ukuba luvela kukhokho oqhelekileyo wazo zonke iilwimi Zasejamani, Iproto-Germanic. Kucingelwa ukuba olu lwimi luye lwaphuhliswa phakathi kwe-1000 no-500 BC kwindawo ngoku eyinorthern Germany Kunye Nescandinavia.
Ukususela apho, kwavela iziyelelane Ezahlukahlukeneyo Zasejamani ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, ezinye zazo ekugqibeleni zaba Ngamangesi Namafrisian, isingesi Esidala Nesasaxon Esidala. I-Old English yayilulwimi oluthethwa Engilani kude kube malunga ne-1150 AD xa yaqala ukuguqukela kwinto ngoku ebizwa Ngokuba Yi-Middle English. Eli xesha lenguqu liphawulwe ngokuqaliswa kwamagama asefransi awamkelwa njengenxalenye Yenorman Conquest ngo-1066.
Ngexesha Likachaucer ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1300, isingesi Esiphakathi sasilulwimi oluphambili Lwasengilani kwaye sachukunyiswa kakhulu sisifrentshi nesilatini. Ekuqaleni kwee-1500, olu hlobo lwesingesi luye lwaguquka lwaba lulwimi olwamkelekileyo nolwamkelekileyo namhlanje Njengesingesi Sokuqala.
Isingesi samandulo Samanje sasingafani kwihlabathi lonke, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwahlukile kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemimandla. Umzekelo, isingesi sokuqala Sasemelika saqala ukwahluka kakhulu kwisingesi sasebritane ngenkulungwane ye-17.
Namhlanje, amagama amaninzi amatsha kunye namabinzana afakiwe kulwimi lwesingesi ngenxa yeenguqu ezinkulu zenkcubeko kunye nezobuchwepheshe ukususela Kwi-Industrial Revolution. Ukongeza, itekhnoloji yonxibelelwano lwehlabathi evelayo kunye nokuhamba okwandayo kwamazwe aphesheya kuye kwakhokelela ekwamkelweni kwee-neologisms ezininzi. Ngenxa yoko, isingesi siye saba lolona lwimi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesingesi?

1. Uwilliam Shakespeare - oyena mdlali odumileyo kwisingesi, Ushakespeare ubizwa ngokuqulunqwa kwamawaka amagama kunye namabinzana asasetyenziswa namhlanje.
2. Ugeoffrey Chaucer-omnye wababhali bokuqala owaziwayo ukuba abhale Ngesingesi Esiphakathi, imisebenzi yakhe ithathwa ngokunceda ukulungelelanisa ulwimi.
3. Usamuel Johnson-Obizwa Ngokuba nguyise weencwadi zesingesi, waqulunqa isichazi-magama sokuqala esibanzi sesingesi.
4. Ujohn Milton - Umbongo Wakhe obalaseleyo Iparadesi Elahlekileyo yenye yezona zinto zinempembelelo kwimibongo yesingesi.
5. Uwilliam Tyndale-oyena mntu uphambili Kwinguqulelo yesingesi, wayengumntu wokuqala ukuguqulela Ibhayibhile ngesingesi isuka kwimithombo yayo yantlandlolo yesihebhere neyesigrike.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwesingesi?

Isingesi lulwimi lokuhlalutya, oko kuthetha ukuba luphula amagama kwi-morphemes nganye, okanye iiyunithi ezinentsingiselo. Isebenzisa umyalelo wegama, kunokuba isini segrama okanye ukuphela, ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwamagama kwisivakalisi. Isingesi sinomzekelo oqinileyo we-syntax, kunye nomxholo-isenzi-into-umyalelo kwizivakalisi zayo. Ukongeza, isingesi sisebenzisa umyalelo ochanekileyo wesibizo xa izichazi ezininzi zisetyenziselwa ukuchaza isibizo esisodwa.

Indlela yokufunda isingesi ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Yenza isicwangciso. Thatha isigqibo sokuba zingaphi iiyure ngeveki onokuzinikezela ekufundeni isingesi, kwaye ufuna ukuchitha ixesha elingakanani kumsebenzi ngamnye.
2. Qala ngeziseko. Funda igrama nesigama esisisiseko esifunekayo ukuze uqalise ukuthetha nokuqonda ulwimi.
3. Iittala teema. Zama ukufumana iindlela zokuzijikeleza ngolwimi. Bukela iimuvi, umamele iingoma kunye neepodcasts, kwaye ufunde iincwadi kunye neemagazini ngesingesi.
4. Thetha nabantu. Cinga ngokujoyina iklasi yencoko okanye uluntu oluku-intanethi ukuze uziqhelanise nesingesi sakho kunye nezithethi zomthonyama.
5. Thatha izifundo online. Zininzi iikhosi ezikwi-intanethi kunye nezifundo ezinokukunceda ufunde isingesi ngendlela ehleliweyo neyonwabisayo.
6. Ziqhelise rhoqo. Bekela bucala ixesha lokuziqhelanisa nokuthetha nokubhala isingesi yonke imihla. Nokuba yimizuzu embalwa kuphela, qiniseka ukuba unamathela kwishedyuli yakho kwaye uqhubeke nokuziqhelanisa.

Isibhulu lulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu Emzantsi Afrika, Enamibia Nasebotswana ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezisi-7. Njengoko ulwimi luvela kwisidatshi, luqulethe ezininzi iimpawu zayo ezizodwa, okwenza kube nzima ukuguqulela kwisingesi.

Kuba ulwimi lunxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nesidatshi, ukuguqulelwa Kwesibhulu kufuna okungaphezulu kokutshintsha nje igama elinye kwelinye, njengoko kukho izinto ezininzi kunye nezinto zesitayile ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Umzekelo, amadatshi asebenzisa izimelabizo ezithile zesini, ngelixa Isibhulu singenzi njalo; ukongeza, izibizo zamadatshi zenziwa ngoonobumba ngelixa Isibhulu ngokubanzi singekho.

Ukongeza kokuntsonkotha kokuguqulela Isibhulu kwisingesi, kukho umahluko omkhulu kwinkcubeko phakathi kwala mazwe mabini afuna ubuntununtunu nokuqonda. Kuphela kungokuqonda ezi nuances apho umguquleli angabamba ngokwenene intsingiselo yombhalo wokuqala.

Xa kuguqulelwa Isibhulu, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo oqheleneyo neelwimi neenkcubeko. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka, kunye nokuthobela iimfuno zomthetho ezinje ngomthetho welungelo lokushicilela.

Kulabo abatsha ekusebenzeni Nesibhulu, ulwazi olusisiseko lolwimi lubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwenguqulelo. Umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kufuneka aqhelane nolwakhiwo lwegrama, ii-colloquialisms kunye nezicatshulwa, ukubiza ezimbalwa.

Kwiinguqulelo ezintsonkothileyo, njengamaxwebhu obugcisa okanye izivumelwano zomthetho, kudla ngokuba luncedo ukuqesha iqela labaguquleli ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezichanileyo nezingaguquguqukiyo.

Inkqubo yokuguqulela Isibhulu inokubonakala inzima ekuqalekeni, kodwa ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nolwazi, inokufezekiswa ngokulula. Ngokuqesha umguquleli onobuchule onobuchule kuzo Zombini Isibhulu nesingesi, uya kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho weenguqulelo zakho zesingesi.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isibhulu?

Isibhulu sithethwa kakhulu Emzantsi afrika Nasenamibia, sineepokotho ezincinci zezithethi Ebotswana, Ezimbabwe, Ezambia Nase-Angola. Ikwathethwa nenxalenye enkulu yabemi basemzini Eostreliya, Eunited States, Ejamani Nasenetherlands.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesibhulu?

Ulwimi Lwesibhulu lunembali ende nentsonkothileyo. Lulwimi Lwasemzantsi afrika olusuka kwisidatshi oluthethwa Ngabahlali Be Dutch East India Company kwindawo eyayisaziwa ngokuba Yidutch Cape Colony. Inengcambu yayo ngenkulungwane ye-17, xa abemi bamadatshi kwikholoni Yasekapa basebenzisa isidatshi njengolwimi lwabo. Yavela kwiilwimi zesidatshi ezithethwa ngaba bahlali, abaziwa Ngokuba Yicape Dutch. Ikwaneempembelelo Ezivela Kwisimalay, isiphuthukezi, isijamani, isifrentshi, Isikoi, Kunye neelwimi Zebantu.
Ekuqaleni olu lwimi lwalubizwa ngokuthi "Cape Dutch" okanye "Kitchen Dutch". Ngo-1925 kwavunyelwana ngokusemthethweni njengolwimi oluzimeleyo. Uphuhliso lwayo lunokwahlulwa lube ngamanqanaba amabini: ifom ethethwayo, kunye nefom ebhaliweyo.
Kwizigaba zokuqala zophuhliso lwayo, Isibhulu sasinxulunyaniswa nesimo sentlalo esiphantsi, kwaye sasibonwa njengophawu lokungazi. Oku kwatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, Kwaye Isibhulu saqala ukubonwa njengolwimi lokulingana, ingakumbi xa samkelwa ngumbutho ochasene nocalu-calulo ngeminyaka yoo-1960.
Namhlanje, Isibhulu sithetha ngabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-16 Emzantsi afrika Nasenamibia, kwaye sesinye seelwimi ezili-11 ezisemthethweni (kwakunye nolwimi olukhethayo) Emzantsi afrika. Ngaphandle Komzantsi Afrika, olu lwimi lukwathethwa Eostreliya, Eunited States Nasebelgium. Ukongeza, ulwimi luhlala lubhalwa kusetyenziswa i-alfabhethi yesilatini, nangona abanye ababhali bekhetha ukusebenzisa i-orthography yesidatshi.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesiafrikaans?

1. Ujan Christiaan Smuts (1870-1950): wayengusomashishini waseburhulumenteni odumileyo Wasemzantsi afrika odlale indima enkulu ekuphuhliseni uncwadi Lwesibhulu nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi.
2. S. J. Du Toit (1847-1911): waziwa ngokuba 'nguyise Wesibhulu' ngegalelo lakhe elibalulekileyo ekusekweni kolwimi njengolwimi olusemthethweni Emzantsi afrika.
3. D. F. Malan (1874-1959): wayeyinkulumbuso Yokuqala Yomzantsi afrika kwaye ubekwa ngokusesikweni njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni ngo-1925.
4. T. T. V. Mofokeng (1893-1973): wayengumfundisi-ntsapho, imbongi, umbhali kunye nesithethi esanceda ekuphuhliseni nasekukhuthazeni uncwadi lwesibhulu.
5. I-cp Hoogenhout (1902-1972): uthathwa njengomnye woovulindlela boncwadi Lwesibhulu, njengoko wayebhala imibongo, imidlalo, amabali amafutshane kunye neenoveli ezichaphazele kakhulu uncwadi lwangoku lwesibhulu.

Luluphi ulwimi oluthethwa Ngabantu Abantetho Isisibhulu?

Ulwimi Lwesibhulu lunesakhiwo esilula nesithe ngqo. Ithathwe kulwimi lwesidatshi kwaye yabelana ngeempawu zayo ezininzi. I-Afrikaans ayinayo isini segrama, isebenzisa kuphela izenzi ezimbini, kwaye idibanisa izenzi kunye nesethi esisiseko seepatheni. Kukwakho nokukhubazeka okuncinci kakhulu, uninzi lwamagama lunefom enye kuwo onke amatyala kunye namanani.

Indlela yokufunda isibhulu ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokuqhelana neziseko zegrama yesibhulu. Zininzi izibonelelo ezikwi-intanethi ezifundisa izifundo zegrama yentshayelelo, okanye ungathenga iincwadi okanye ezinye izinto ukukunceda uqalise.
2. Ziqhelanise nezakhono zakho zokuphulaphula ngokubukela iimovie, iinkqubo ZIKAMABONWAKUDE neenkqubo zikanomathotholo ngesibhulu. Oku kunokukunceda ufunde ngakumbi amagama kunye namabinzana, kunye nokubiza amagama.
3. Funda iincwadi, amaphephandaba kunye neemagazini ezibhalwe Ngesibhulu. Oku kuya kukunceda ufunde ngakumbi ngolwimi kwaye ukhululeke ngegrama kunye nokubiza.
4. Joyina iqela lengxoxo Lesi-Afrikaans ukuze uziqhelanise nokuthetha nezithethi zomthonyama. Oku kunokukunceda uzithembe ngakumbi xa uthetha nabanye.
5. Sebenzisa iiflashcards kunye neeapps ukukunceda ufunde amagama amatsha kunye namabinzana. Le yindlela entle yokongeza iiseshoni zakho zokufunda rhoqo.
6. Yiya kwiiklasi zolwimi ukuba kunokwenzeka. Ukuthatha iklasi ehleliweyo kunokuba yindlela entle yokuqonda ulwimi ngcono kunye nokuziqhelanisa nabanye abafundi.