Isibhulu Isiczech Guqulela

Isibhulu lulwimi oluthethwa kakhulu Emzantsi Afrika, Enamibia Nasebotswana ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezisi-7. Njengoko ulwimi luvela kwisidatshi, luqulethe ezininzi iimpawu zayo ezizodwa, okwenza kube nzima ukuguqulela kwisingesi.

Kuba ulwimi lunxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo nesidatshi, ukuguqulelwa Kwesibhulu kufuna okungaphezulu kokutshintsha nje igama elinye kwelinye, njengoko kukho izinto ezininzi kunye nezinto zesitayile ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe. Umzekelo, amadatshi asebenzisa izimelabizo ezithile zesini, ngelixa Isibhulu singenzi njalo; ukongeza, izibizo zamadatshi zenziwa ngoonobumba ngelixa Isibhulu ngokubanzi singekho.

Ukongeza kokuntsonkotha kokuguqulela Isibhulu kwisingesi, kukho umahluko omkhulu kwinkcubeko phakathi kwala mazwe mabini afuna ubuntununtunu nokuqonda. Kuphela kungokuqonda ezi nuances apho umguquleli angabamba ngokwenene intsingiselo yombhalo wokuqala.

Xa kuguqulelwa Isibhulu, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo oqheleneyo neelwimi neenkcubeko. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka, kunye nokuthobela iimfuno zomthetho ezinje ngomthetho welungelo lokushicilela.

Kulabo abatsha ekusebenzeni Nesibhulu, ulwazi olusisiseko lolwimi lubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwenguqulelo. Umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kufuneka aqhelane nolwakhiwo lwegrama, ii-colloquialisms kunye nezicatshulwa, ukubiza ezimbalwa.

Kwiinguqulelo ezintsonkothileyo, njengamaxwebhu obugcisa okanye izivumelwano zomthetho, kudla ngokuba luncedo ukuqesha iqela labaguquleli ukuqinisekisa iziphumo ezichanileyo nezingaguquguqukiyo.

Inkqubo yokuguqulela Isibhulu inokubonakala inzima ekuqalekeni, kodwa ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nolwazi, inokufezekiswa ngokulula. Ngokuqesha umguquleli onobuchule onobuchule kuzo Zombini Isibhulu nesingesi, uya kuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kunye nomgangatho weenguqulelo zakho zesingesi.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isibhulu?

Isibhulu sithethwa kakhulu Emzantsi afrika Nasenamibia, sineepokotho ezincinci zezithethi Ebotswana, Ezimbabwe, Ezambia Nase-Angola. Ikwathethwa nenxalenye enkulu yabemi basemzini Eostreliya, Eunited States, Ejamani Nasenetherlands.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesibhulu?

Ulwimi Lwesibhulu lunembali ende nentsonkothileyo. Lulwimi Lwasemzantsi afrika olusuka kwisidatshi oluthethwa Ngabahlali Be Dutch East India Company kwindawo eyayisaziwa ngokuba Yidutch Cape Colony. Inengcambu yayo ngenkulungwane ye-17, xa abemi bamadatshi kwikholoni Yasekapa basebenzisa isidatshi njengolwimi lwabo. Yavela kwiilwimi zesidatshi ezithethwa ngaba bahlali, abaziwa Ngokuba Yicape Dutch. Ikwaneempembelelo Ezivela Kwisimalay, isiphuthukezi, isijamani, isifrentshi, Isikoi, Kunye neelwimi Zebantu.
Ekuqaleni olu lwimi lwalubizwa ngokuthi "Cape Dutch" okanye "Kitchen Dutch". Ngo-1925 kwavunyelwana ngokusemthethweni njengolwimi oluzimeleyo. Uphuhliso lwayo lunokwahlulwa lube ngamanqanaba amabini: ifom ethethwayo, kunye nefom ebhaliweyo.
Kwizigaba zokuqala zophuhliso lwayo, Isibhulu sasinxulunyaniswa nesimo sentlalo esiphantsi, kwaye sasibonwa njengophawu lokungazi. Oku kwatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, Kwaye Isibhulu saqala ukubonwa njengolwimi lokulingana, ingakumbi xa samkelwa ngumbutho ochasene nocalu-calulo ngeminyaka yoo-1960.
Namhlanje, Isibhulu sithetha ngabantu abangaphezulu kwezigidi ezili-16 Emzantsi afrika Nasenamibia, kwaye sesinye seelwimi ezili-11 ezisemthethweni (kwakunye nolwimi olukhethayo) Emzantsi afrika. Ngaphandle Komzantsi Afrika, olu lwimi lukwathethwa Eostreliya, Eunited States Nasebelgium. Ukongeza, ulwimi luhlala lubhalwa kusetyenziswa i-alfabhethi yesilatini, nangona abanye ababhali bekhetha ukusebenzisa i-orthography yesidatshi.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesiafrikaans?

1. Ujan Christiaan Smuts (1870-1950): wayengusomashishini waseburhulumenteni odumileyo Wasemzantsi afrika odlale indima enkulu ekuphuhliseni uncwadi Lwesibhulu nasekukhuthazeni ulwimi kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi.
2. S. J. Du Toit (1847-1911): waziwa ngokuba 'nguyise Wesibhulu' ngegalelo lakhe elibalulekileyo ekusekweni kolwimi njengolwimi olusemthethweni Emzantsi afrika.
3. D. F. Malan (1874-1959): wayeyinkulumbuso Yokuqala Yomzantsi afrika kwaye ubekwa ngokusesikweni njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni ngo-1925.
4. T. T. V. Mofokeng (1893-1973): wayengumfundisi-ntsapho, imbongi, umbhali kunye nesithethi esanceda ekuphuhliseni nasekukhuthazeni uncwadi lwesibhulu.
5. I-cp Hoogenhout (1902-1972): uthathwa njengomnye woovulindlela boncwadi Lwesibhulu, njengoko wayebhala imibongo, imidlalo, amabali amafutshane kunye neenoveli ezichaphazele kakhulu uncwadi lwangoku lwesibhulu.

Luluphi ulwimi oluthethwa Ngabantu Abantetho Isisibhulu?

Ulwimi Lwesibhulu lunesakhiwo esilula nesithe ngqo. Ithathwe kulwimi lwesidatshi kwaye yabelana ngeempawu zayo ezininzi. I-Afrikaans ayinayo isini segrama, isebenzisa kuphela izenzi ezimbini, kwaye idibanisa izenzi kunye nesethi esisiseko seepatheni. Kukwakho nokukhubazeka okuncinci kakhulu, uninzi lwamagama lunefom enye kuwo onke amatyala kunye namanani.

Indlela yokufunda isibhulu ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokuqhelana neziseko zegrama yesibhulu. Zininzi izibonelelo ezikwi-intanethi ezifundisa izifundo zegrama yentshayelelo, okanye ungathenga iincwadi okanye ezinye izinto ukukunceda uqalise.
2. Ziqhelanise nezakhono zakho zokuphulaphula ngokubukela iimovie, iinkqubo ZIKAMABONWAKUDE neenkqubo zikanomathotholo ngesibhulu. Oku kunokukunceda ufunde ngakumbi amagama kunye namabinzana, kunye nokubiza amagama.
3. Funda iincwadi, amaphephandaba kunye neemagazini ezibhalwe Ngesibhulu. Oku kuya kukunceda ufunde ngakumbi ngolwimi kwaye ukhululeke ngegrama kunye nokubiza.
4. Joyina iqela lengxoxo Lesi-Afrikaans ukuze uziqhelanise nokuthetha nezithethi zomthonyama. Oku kunokukunceda uzithembe ngakumbi xa uthetha nabanye.
5. Sebenzisa iiflashcards kunye neeapps ukukunceda ufunde amagama amatsha kunye namabinzana. Le yindlela entle yokongeza iiseshoni zakho zokufunda rhoqo.
6. Yiya kwiiklasi zolwimi ukuba kunokwenzeka. Ukuthatha iklasi ehleliweyo kunokuba yindlela entle yokuqonda ulwimi ngcono kunye nokuziqhelanisa nabanye abafundi.

Czech yenye yeelwimi ezininzi umdla ehlabathini. Ithethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-10 kwaye yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko Kwiriphabhlikhi yaseczech. Ukusebenzisa inguqulelo yesiczech kunokuba yindlela entle yokuqinisekisa ukuba ishishini lakho, iwebhusayithi, okanye unxibelelwano lwendawo efanelekileyo ukufikelela kule ntengiso ibalulekileyo.

Ngaphambi kokuba uthathe isigqibo ngenkonzo yokuguqulela yaseczech, kubalulekile ukuqonda ubunzima bokuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo ukusuka eczech. Isiczech lulwimi Lwesislavic, nto leyo ethetha ukuba inesakhiwo sayo esikhethekileyo segrama, oonobumba abohlukeneyo, neziyelelane eziliqela. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaguquleli kufuneka babe nobuchule kulwimi lwesiczech nolwimi ekujoliswe kulo ukuze baguqulele ngempumelelo.

Ukuba ufuna inkonzo ethembekileyo yeenguqulelo, kufuneka ukhangele inkampani enamava kunye nobuchule kulwimi lwesiczech. Kufuneka bakwazi ukunika iinguqulelo ezichanileyo nezifanelekileyo ngokwenkcubeko. Umguquleli olungileyo uya kuba nolwazi olunzulu lwenkcubeko yendawo ukuze bakwazi ukufumana umxholo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile ngokwenkcubeko.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuguqulela isiczech. Abaguquleli kufuneka bakwazi ukufumana umyalezo ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo, ngaphandle kokulalanisa ithoni okanye injongo yombhalo wokuqala. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo lukhangelwe ngokuchanekileyo sisithethi somthonyama saseczech ngaphambi kokuba sipapashwe.

Ekugqibeleni, inkonzo elungileyo yokuguqulela yaseczech iya kubonelela ngamaxesha okutshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Ixesha lihlala liyinto ebalulekileyo xa kuziwa ekuhlaleni, ke kuya kufuneka uqiniseke ukuba inkonzo oyikhethayo inokuhambisa kwimihla ebekiweyo ngaphandle kokuncama umgangatho.

Xa kuziwa kwinguqulelo yesiczech, kubalulekile ukufumana inkonzo yobungcali eqonda izinto zolwimi kunye nenkcubeko. Ngenkonzo yokuguqulela efanelekileyo, unokuqinisekisa ukuba umxholo wakho wendawo ngokuchanekileyo, unxibelelene ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye wamkelwe kakuhle ngabantu abathetha isiczech.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesiczech?

Ulwimi lwesiczech ikakhulu luthethwa Kwiriphabhlikhi yaseczech. Kukho nabantu abathetha isiczech Eostriya, Ejamani, Ehungary, Epoland, Eslovakia Naseukraine. Ikwathethwa ngamanani amancinci abantu kwamanye amazwe, Afana Neostreliya, Ikhanada, Icroatia, Ifransi, I-Itali, Iromania, Iserbia, Neunited states.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesiczech?

Ulwimi lwesiczech lulwimi Olusentshona Slavonic, inxalenye yentsapho Yeelwimi Zaseyurophu. Oku kuhambelana kakhulu neslovak kwaye ulwimi olusemthethweni Lweriphabhlikhi yaseczech. Ulwimi luye lwaphenjelelwa kakhulu ngesilatini, isijamani nesipolish ukutyhubela iinkulungwane.
Ubungqina bokuqala bolwimi buqala emva kwinkulungwane ye-10, xa yaqala ukubhalwa kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiczech Republic. Ngelo xesha, ulwimi Lwalubizwa Ngokuba Yi-Bohemian kwaye lwaluthethwa kakhulu kummandla Wasebohemian. Ukutyhubela inkulungwane ye-11 neye-12, yavela Kwicawa Yakudala Islavonic, nangona yayisagcina ezinye iinkalo zolwimi lwantlandlolo.
Ngekhulu le-14, ulwimi lwesiczech lwaqala ukusetyenziswa kwifom ebhaliweyo kwaye inguqu yokuqala yolwimi, eyaziwa Ngokuba Yi-Middle Czech, yavela. Ngeli xesha, ulwimi lwenziwa utshintsho oluninzi ngenxa yempembelelo yesilatini, isijamani nesipolish kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe lwaphuhliswa lwaba yiczech Yanamhlanje.
Ngowe-1882, Ingcali yeelwimi Yesiczech Čeněk Zíbrt yapapasha igrama yakhe yesiczech, eyayisebenza njengesiseko sokumiselwa kwemigangatho yolwimi. Olu lwimi lwadityaniswa kamva phantsi Komthetho Wamaothography wesiczech ka-1943, owaseka ulwimi olubhaliweyo oluqhelekileyo kwiriphabhlikhi yonke yaseczech.
Ukususela ngoko, olu lwimi luye lwaqhubeka lukhula yaye lukhula, yaye namhlanje luthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-9 eczech Republic Naseslovakia.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesiczech?

1. Ujan Hus (malunga no-1369-1415): umguquleli wezenkolo waseczech, isifilosofi, kunye nomhlohli wezakwalizwi Kwiyunivesithi Yasecharles Eprague, Ujan Hus wayenempembelelo enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kolwimi lwesiczech. Ukushumayela kwakhe nemibhalo yakhe enempembelelo yabhalwa ngesiczech yaza yanceda ekuqiniseni isimo sayo njengolwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Ebohemia.
2. Uváclav Hladký (1883-1949): ingcali yeelwimi yesiczech kunye nonjingalwazi Weelwimi Zeslavic Kwiyunivesithi Yasecharles Eprague, Uváclav Hladký wabhala imisebenzi emininzi kulwimi lwesiczech, kuquka Igrama yesiczech Kunye Ne-Orthography. Kwakhona waba negalelo elikhulu Isithethe Ulwimi Czechoslovak State, leyo yamkelwa 1926 kwaye ihlala umgangatho osemthethweni Czech namhlanje.
3. Boženaěmcová (1820-1862): Eyaziwa Kakhulu ngenoveli Yakhe Ubabička( Ugogo), Uboženaěmcová wayengumntu omkhulu kwiczech National Revival movement kwaye phakathi kwababhali bokuqala ukubhala ngokubanzi ngesiczech. Imisebenzi yakhe yaba negalelo ekuveleni kolwimi loncwadi lwesiczech kwaye yanceda ekwandiseni ukusetyenziswa kwalo kuncwadi.
4. Ujosef Jungmann (1773-1847): imbongi kunye nengcali yeelwimi, Ujosef Jungmann waba negalelo ekwakheni ulwimi lwesiczech. Ubizwa ngokuba ukwazisa amagama amaninzi avela kwezinye iilwimi, njengesijamani, isitaliyane nesifrentshi, ngesiczech, kwaye wanceda ukuseka ulwimi lwesiczech njengolwimi loncwadi.
5. Prokop Diviš (1719-1765): i-linguist kunye ne-polyglot, Iprokop Diviš ithathwa njengenye yookhokho beelwimi zaseczech. Wabhala ngokubanzi kwiilwimi zokuthelekisa, igrama, kunye ne-phonology, kwaye uncedwa ekuncedeni ukuguqula ulwimi lwesiczech kwaye lwenze lufaneleke ngakumbi ekubhaleni ngokusemthethweni.

Njani ulwimi lwesiczech?

Ulwimi lwesiczech lulwimi Lwasentshona Slavic, oko kuthetha ukuba lolwentsapho efanayo nezinye iilwimi Zeslavic ezifana nesipolish, islovak nesirashiya. Zineempawu ezahlukileyo ezenza ukuba zahluke kwezinye iilwimi.
Ulwimi lwesiczech lulwimi oluguqukayo, oko kuthetha ukuba amagama atshintsha ifom yabo kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwabo kwisivakalisi. Ikwaqulethe i-agglutination, oko kuthetha ukuba izimaphambili kunye nezimamva zongezwa kumagama ukwenza amagama amatsha okanye ukubonisa intsingiselo. I-Czech inamatyala asixhenxe (ngokwahlukileyo kwisingesi esinezihloko ezimbini, umxholo kunye nento). Amatyala asixhenxe achaphazela izibizo, izimelabizo, izichazi kunye namanani, kwaye abonisa indima yegama kwisivakalisi.
Ekugqibeleni, isiczech lulwimi lwefonetiki, olunembalelwano phakathi kwamagama abhaliweyo nathethwayo. Oku kwenza kube lula ukufunda nokubiza, nangona ngaphandle kokuqonda intsingiselo yamagama.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwesiczech ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokufunda iziseko zegrama yesiczech kunye nokubiza amagama. Zininzi iincwadi kunye nezixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ezifumanekayo ukukunceda ufunde iziseko zolwimi.
2. Ntywila kwisigama. Funda amabinzana aphambili kunye namagama aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa ukuqala ukwakha isiseko sokuqonda.
3. Zicel ' umngeni ngezihloko ezintsonkothileyo. Pholisha ulwimi lwakho oluthethwayo nolubhaliweyo ngokuqhelisela izivakalisi ezintsonkothileyo, iifom zezenzi, kunye namaxesha ahlukeneyo.
4. Mamela izithethi zomthonyama kwaye ubukele iifilimu zangaphandle. Ukuze uphucule ukubiza kwakho kunye nokuqonda ulwimi, jonga imithombo yeendaba efana neenkqubo ZETV,izitishi zerediyo, kunye neepodcasts ukuze uve kwaye uqhelane nesiczech accent kunye nesilang.
5. Chitha ixesha kwilizwe elithetha isiczech. Le yeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuzifaka ngokupheleleyo kulwimi nakwinkcubeko. Ukuba oku akunjalo, zama ukuthetha nabantu abathetha isiczech okanye usebenzisane namaqela athetha isiczech okanye uluntu.