Udmurt Latin Guqulela

Uguqulelo lwe-Udmurt yinkqubo yokuguqulela itekisi ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kulwimi Lwe-Udmurt. Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt lulwimi Lwasefinno-Urgic oluthethwa ngabantu Base-Udmurt abahlala Kwiriphabhlikhi Yase-Udmurt, e-central Russia. Olu lwimi lunembali etyebileyo nenkcubeko, kwakunye nokuba lulwimi olusemthethweni Kwiriphabliki Yase-Udmurt. Nangona olu lwimi lusenokugqalwa njengolungamelwanga kakuhle kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, luselulwimi olubalulekileyo kwabo bazalelwe kuloo ndawo okanye banomdla kulwimi, kwinkcubeko nakwimbali yabantu Baseudmurt.

Xa kuziwa ekuguquleleni Kwe-Udmurt, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo ezisemgangathweni zenziwa. Oku kunokwenziwa ngokusebenzisa abaguquleli beelwimi abanamava, abanolwazi ngomxholo wolwimi kunye nenkcubeko. Umguquleli kufuneka akwazi ukuqonda igrama, upelo, kunye nesemantiki yolwimi ukuze enze iinguqulelo ezichanekileyo. Ukongeza, kufuneka bakwazi ukusebenzisa ngokuchanekileyo ukwandisa kunye nokubaluleka kwamagama ukuqinisekisa ukuba isicatshulwa sisondele kwintsusa kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Inguqulelo ye-Udmurt inokunceda ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kweenkcubeko kwaye inike abantu abavela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ithuba lokuqondana. Oku kunokusetyenziswa phantse kuyo nayiphi na intsimi, kubandakanya ishishini, uncwadi, kunye nemithombo yeendaba. Ingasetyenziselwa ukunceda ukugcina inkcubeko kunye nembali yabantu Base-Udmurt ngokuvumela amabali abo kunye namazwi ukuba aviwe ngabaphulaphuli abakhulu.

Ngokubanzi, inguqulelo Ye-Udmurt inokuba sisixhobo esiluncedo kakhulu sokuqonda ulwimi nenkcubeko yabantu Base-Udmurt. Ngokuqonda itekisi Ye-Udmurt, inokunika abaphulaphuli abaninzi ithuba lokuxabisa nokufunda kulwimi kunye nenkcubeko yabantu Base-Udmurt. Ukongeza, inokuba yindlela entle yokukhuthaza ukuqonda phakathi kweenkcubeko kunye nokufunda ngakumbi malunga nomnye.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt?

Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt luthethwa ikakhulu Kwiriphabhlikhi Yase-Udmurt, ekwingingqi Yevolga yaserussia. Ikwathethwa kwiindawo ezincinci kwezinye iindawo Zaserussia, nakumazwe angabamelwane afana Nekazakhstan, Ibelarus Kunye Nefinland.

Yintoni imbali Ye-Udmurt language?

Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt lilungu le-Uralic language family kwaye luhambelana kakhulu neelwimi Zasefinno-Urgic. Kuthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nama-680,000, ikakhulu Kwiriphabhlikhi Yase-Udmurt (Erashiya) nakwindawo ejikelezileyo. Ifom yayo ebhaliweyo yabhalwa ngenkulungwane ye-18 ngabefundisi Bobuothodoki baserashiya, abenza inkqubo yokubhala esekelwe kwialfabhethi Yesicyrillic. Le nkqubo yokubhala yandiswa yaza yaphuculwa ebudeni benkulungwane ye-19 neyama-20, nto leyo eyakhokelela kulwimi olubhaliweyo lwale mihla. Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt lusasetyenziswa namhlanje kwimimandla enabantu Base-Udmurts, kunye nokufundiswa ezikolweni nakwiiyunivesithi.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwe-Udmurt?

1. Vasiliy Ivanovich Alymov-linguist kunye nombhali wemisebenzi emininzi kulwimi Lwe-Udmurt, owabhala igrama ecacileyo yolwimi kwaye wamisela imigaqo emininzi kunye neendibano ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje.
2. Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov-Umphengululi kunye nombhali imisebenzi emininzi ulwimi Udmurt nenkcubeko, kuquka igrama ebanzi ulwimi kunye nezifundo kwisakhiwo udmurt poetry.
3. Nina Vitalievna Kirsanova-Rodionova - i innovator entsimini Udmurt ebhaliweyo, wabhala iincwadi zokuqala ngolwimi wadala dictionary yokuqala Ukrainian-Udmurt.
4. Umikhayl Romanovich Pavlov-Owaziwa ngegalelo lakhe elikhulu kwintsimi yolwimi Lwe-Udmurt, uncwadi kunye neentsomi, wayengomnye wabantu bokuqala ukurekhoda nokubhala iingoma zomthonyama zommandla.
5. U-Olga Valerianovna Fyodorova - Lozhkina-omnye wabantu bokuqala ukufunda ulwimi kunye nenkcubeko Ye-Udmurt, wapapasha amaphephandaba olwimi lokuqala Lwe-Udmurt kwaye wabhala igrama kunye nezinye izinto zemfundo.

Ulwakhiwo njani Ulwimi Udmurt?

Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt lulwimi Lwe-Uralic, olunxulumene kakhulu nesifinnish nesi-estonia, kwaye yabelana ngokufana kunye neelwimi Zekomi-Zyryan Kunye Ne-Permic. Ubume bayo bubonakaliswa yi-agglutinative morphology, oko kuthetha ukuba amagama ayenziwa ngokudibanisa kunye ukudibanisa iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo kunye neekhonsepthi. Ulwimi lunemvisiswano yesikhamiso kunye nenkqubo entsonkothileyo yezibizo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesenzi kunzima kakhulu, ngeemvakalelo ezahlukeneyo, iinkalo, kunye nokuqina, kunye nomahluko osisiseko phakathi kweefom ezigqibeleleyo nezingafezekanga.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwe-Udmurt ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngokuziqhelanisa nolwimi. Funda malunga nealfabhethi kunye nokubiza amagama kwaye ufumane ukuqonda okuyisiseko kwegrama.
2. Funda kwaye umamele imithombo Ye-Udmurt yemveli. Mamela iindaba zendawo kwaye ungene kumculo kunye neenkqubo ZETV ngolwimi.
3. Thetha kwaye ubhale Kwi-Udmurt. Fumana iqabane lolwimi okanye usebenzise iiforamu ezikwi-intanethi kunye namagumbi okuncokola ukuziqhelanisa.
4. Thatha ikhosi ulwimi Udmurt. Kukho amaziko olwimi ezininzi ezifundisa izifundo Ulwimi Udmurt kwaye ungafumana kubo online.
5. Zibhokoxe kwinkcubeko nakulwimi lwakho. Ndwendwela Udmurtia kwaye uthethe nezithethi zomthonyama ukuze ufunde ngakumbi ngeelwimi zalapha kunye nenkcubeko.

Inguqulelo yesilatini sisenzo esibuyela emva kumawaka eminyaka. Ibandakanya ukuguqulela isicatshulwa ukusuka kolunye ulwimi ukuya kolunye, ngesiqhelo ukusuka kwisilatini ukuya kwisingesi okanye kolunye ulwimi lwanamhlanje. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, isilatini ibilulwimi lwabaphengululi, izazinzulu nababhali. Nanamhlanje, isilatini sidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkalo ezininzi, njengomthetho, amayeza Necawa Yamakatolika.

Ukuqala iprojekthi yokuguqulela, umguquleli kufuneka achonge ulwimi lomthombo, oludla ngokuba sisilatini kwiiprojekthi zokuguqulela ezibandakanya isilatini. Emva koko, kufuneka baqonde kakuhle ulwimi lwesilatini. Oku kuquka ukwazi igrama nesivakalisi solwimi. Ngaphezu koko, umguquleli umele aluqonde kakuhle ulwimi abaluguqulela kulo. Oku kubandakanya ukwazi indlela yenkcubeko yolwimi ukubonisa ngokuchanekileyo ithoni kunye nentsingiselo yesicatshulwa sokuqala.

Nje ukuba ulwimi lomthombo luchongiwe kwaye umguquleli unezakhono eziyimfuneko, banokuqalisa uguqulelo. Kuxhomekeke kubunzima besicatshulwa sokuqala kunye nabaphulaphuli abajoliswe kuyo, kukho iindlela ezininzi ezinokuthi umguquleli athathe. Umzekelo, ukuba isicatshulwa siguqulelwa kubaphulaphuli ngokubanzi ngaphandle kokuqonda isilatini, umguquleli unokukhetha ukusebenzisa amagama anamhlanje kunye namagama endaweni yoogxa babo besilatini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izicatshulwa ezifuna ukuguqulelwa ngokusemthethweni, umguquleli unokukhetha ukuhlala ethembekile kumbhalo wesilatini.

Kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba isilatini lulwimi oluntsonkothileyo. Inezinto ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo ezisenokungqineka zinzima kumguquleli ongaluqondi kakuhle ulwimi. Ngenxa yoko, kungcono ukushiya iinguqulelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zesilatini kumguquleli onamava kule nkalo.

Kwimeko nayiphi na into, ukuchaneka kubaluleke kakhulu. Iinguqulelo kufuneka zidlulise ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo yombhalo wokuqala ngaphandle kokulalanisa ithoni, isimbo, okanye umyalezo. Oku kuyinyani ngakumbi xa kuguqulelwa isilatini, njengoko iimpazamo zinokukhokelela ekudidekeni okanye ekunxibelelaneni. Ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka, ukukhangela kunye nokujonga kabini umbhalo oguqulelweyo kubalulekile.

Uguqulelo sisakhono esithatha ixesha kunye nokuziqhelanisa nokuqonda. Xa kuziwa ekuguquleleni isilatini, iingcali zihlala zilukhetho olufanelekileyo. Banokufikelela kwizixhobo kunye nolwazi olufunekayo ukuguqulela ngokuchanekileyo isicatshulwa sesilatini kwisingesi okanye kolunye ulwimi. Ekubeni umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo ewusingatha lo msebenzi, abaguquleli besilatini banokuba nentembelo ekunikeleni iinguqulelo ezichanileyo nezithembekileyo.

Ziziphi iilwimi zesilatin?

Ulwimi lwesilatini aluthethwa njengolwimi oluphambili kulo naliphi na ilizwe, kodwa lusetyenziselwa iinjongo ezininzi ezisemthethweni Kwisixeko Sasevatican nakwiriphabhlikhi Yasesan Marino. Isilatini ikwafundwa njengolwimi okanye ifundiswe njengenxalenye yekharityhulam kumazwe amaninzi, kubandakanya Iunited States, Ifransi, Ispain, Iportugal, I-Itali, Ipoland, Iromania, Ijamani, Iaustria, Inetherlands, Ibelgium, Iswitzerland, Icanada, Imexico, Icolombia, Ibrazil, Ivenezuela, Iperu, Iargentina, Ichile, Iecuador, Ibolivia, Iuruguay, Iparaguay namanye amazwe.

Kuthetha ukuthini ilatin Latin?

Ulwimi lwesilatini lunembali ende ebuyela emva kumawaka eminyaka. Yaqala njengolwimi Lwase-Indo-European kwaye yaqala ukusetyenziswa kwipeninsula yasentaliyane ngexesha Le-Iron Age. Ukusuka apho, yanwenwela nakweminye imimandla efana Neiberia, Igaul, kwaye ekugqibeleni Ibritani ngexesha lobukhosi Baseroma. Isilatini yayilulwimi olusemthethweni Lobukhosi Baseroma ngaphezu kweminyaka eliwaka, yaye yaba lulwimi Lobukatolika ebudeni Bamaxesha Aphakathi. Ngexesha Le-Renaissance, isilatini savuselelwa kwaye sisetyenziselwa iinjongo zesayensi, zemfundo kunye nezoncwadi. Kwinkulungwane ye-19th, yathatyathelw ' indawo ziilwimi Zothando njengolwimi oluphambili lonxibelelwano, kodwa isasetyenziswa nanamhlanje kwizicwangciso ezithile zeziko nakwiinjongo zonqulo nezemfundo.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesilatini?

1. Icicero – 106 BC-43 BC) - igosa laseburhulumenteni Laseroma, igqwetha kunye nomcebisi owathi, ngokubhala kunye neentetho zakhe, waphembelela kakhulu ulwimi lwesilatini.
2. I-Virgil (70 BC-19 BC) - imbongi Yaseroma eyaziwa kakhulu ngombongo wakhe we-epic, I-Aeneid, ebhalwe ngesilatini. Umsebenzi wakhe uye wanegalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso loncwadi lwesilatini nakwisintakisi.
3. Ujulius Caesar – 100 BC-44 BC) - injengele Yaseroma kunye nesitatimende esinegalelo elikhulu ekuphuhliseni igrama yesilatini kunye ne-syntax.
4. Uhorace (65 BC-8 BC) - imbongi Yamaroma yamazwi kunye ne-satires ibe nefuthe elihlala lihleli kwimibongo yesilatini.
5. I-Ovid (43 BC-17 AD) - imbongi Yaseroma eyaziwa kakhulu ngemisebenzi yakhe yokubalisa, njenge-Metamorphoses, eye yatyebisa kakhulu i-latin prose.

Uluphi ulwimi lwesilatin?

Isakhiwo solwimi lwesilatini sisekelwe kwinkqubo ye-declensions ezintlanu, ezi amaqela izibizo kunye nezichazi ezabelana ngeziphelo ezifanayo. I-decension nganye iqulethe amatyala amathandathu ahlukeneyo: ukutyunjwa, i-genitive, i-dative, i-accusative, i-ablative, kunye ne-vocative. Isilatini sineentlobo ezimbini zokudibanisa isenzi: rhoqo kwaye ayiqhelekanga. Isakhiwo sesilatini siquka i-infixes, izimamva, iziphakamiso, kunye nezibhengezo, phakathi kwezinye izinto.

Indlela yokufunda isilatini ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala kwiziseko. Thatha ikhosi okanye uthenge incwadi yesikhokelo egubungela iziseko zesilatini igrama kunye nesigama, njenge" I-Essential Latin "Ngujohn C. Traupman okanye" i-Wheelock's Latin " Ngufrederic M. Wheelock.
2. Fumana uluhlu lwamagama egama giuseppina. Ukuba kunokwenzeka, fumana ukurekhodwa kwesilatini esithethwa zizithethi zomthonyama. Oku kuya kukunceda ufunde ukubizwa okuchanekileyo kunye nentetho.
3. Funda isilatini. Funda izicatshulwa zesilatini ezifana nemisebenzi yababhali bamandulo kuquka Uvirgil Nocicero, iincwadi zokuthandaza ezindala, kunye neencwadi zesilatini zanamhlanje.
4. Bhala ngesilatini. Njengoko ukhululeka ngesilatini, ziqhelise ukubhala ngesilatini ukuze uqhelane negrama efanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa.
5. Thetha Isilatini. Joyina iklabhu yesilatini yendawo, ubhalise kwikhosi yesilatini kwi-intanethi, kwaye uthathe inxaxheba kwiingxaki zokuguqulela isilatini ukuthetha ulwimi.