Isigrike Basquename Guqulela

Njengenye yeelwimi zamandulo, inguqulelo yesigrike ibiyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yonxibelelwano kangangeenkulungwane. Ulwimi lwesigrike lunembali ende kunye nefuthe elikhulu kwiilwimi zanamhlanje, okwenza kube yinto ebalulekileyo kunxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe. Abaguquleli bamagrike badlala indima ephambili ekuvaleni umsantsa phakathi kweenkcubeko kunye nokubonelela ngokuchanekileyo kwentsingiselo yesicatshulwa.

Inguqulelo Yesigrike idla ngokwenziwa ukusuka kwisigrike Sale Mihla ukuya kolunye ulwimi. Ikwayenye yeelwimi eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa Kwizizwe ezimanyeneyo nakwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe. Ngenxa yoko, imfuno yabaguquleli bamagrike iya isanda.

Isigrike lulwimi oluphucukileyo, oluneenguqu ezininzi zengingqi kunye nembali. Ngenxa yoko, abaguquleli abaziingcali kufuneka bakwazi ukuchonga amagama afanelekileyo ukudlulisela ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo okanye intsingiselo yesicatshulwa. Ngaphezu koko, bamele bahlale besexesheni ekuguquleleni kolwimi lwesigrike, ukuze baqinisekise ukuba iinguqulelo zabo zihlala zibalulekile yaye zinentsingiselo.

Ukongezelela ekuqondeni izinto ezintsonkothileyo zolwimi ngokwalo, abaguquleli bamele baqhelane nemibandela eyahlukahlukeneyo yenkcubeko – enjengesilamsi nezicatshulwa – ukuze bakwazi ukudlulisela kakuhle ithoni nendlela eqondwa ngayo imibhalo yantlandlolo. Ngokuxhomekeke kumongo, amanye amagama anokuba nentsingiselo eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo ngolwimi olunye kunolunye.

Ngokubanzi, umguquleli olungileyo wesigrike unokuwenza wonke umahluko phakathi kweprojekthi ephumelelayo yamazwe ngamazwe nokungaqondani okubiza imali eninzi. Xa uqesha umguquleli, amashishini kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba asebenza nengcali enamava eqonda izinto zolwimi lwesigrike kunye nazo naziphi na iziyelelane zommandla.

Ekugqibeleni, inguqulelo yesigrike-xa yenziwe ngokuchanekileyo-isisixhobo esibaluleke kakhulu sempumelelo kuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Ngeqabane elifanelekileyo, amashishini anokuqiniseka ukuba umyalezo wabo uya kudluliselwa ngokuchanekileyo, ebavumela ukuba bavale ukwahlukana kwenkcubeko kwaye baxhamle kwintsebenziswano esebenzayo yamazwe ngamazwe.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha isigrike?

Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Egrisi Nasecyprus. Ikwathethwa ngabantu abancinci Ealbania, Ebulgaria, Emantla Emakedoni, Eromania, Eturkey Nase-Ukraine. Isigrike sikwathethwa linani elikhulu labaphambukeli kunye nabaphambukeli kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya Iunited States, Iostreliya Nasekhanada.

Yintoni isigrike sembali?

Ulwimi lwesigrike lunembali ende kwaye ityebile, luqala ngexesha Le-Mycenaean (1600-1100 BC), xa kwakuyindlela yokuqala Yesigrike. Isigrike samandulo yayilisebe losapho Lweelwimi Zase-Indo-European kwaye ithathwa njengesiseko sazo zonke iilwimi zanamhlanje Zaseyurophu. Iincwadi zokuqala ezaziwayo ezibhalwe ngesigrike samandulo zaqala ukubonakala malunga ne-776 BC ngohlobo lwemibongo kunye namabali. Ngexesha Leklasikhi (i-5th ukuya kwi-4th century BC), ulwimi lwesigrike lwacokiswa lwaza lwavuthwa lwaba luhlobo lwalo lwakudala, olusisiseko sesigrike sanamhlanje.
Isigrike sathethwa ngendlela ethile okanye enye kude kube yinkulungwane ye-5 AD, xa yatshintshela ngokugqithiseleyo kwifom ye-demotic, ehlala isetyenziswa namhlanje njengolwimi olusemthethweni Lwasegrisi. Ngexesha le-byzantine era (400-1453 AD), ulwimi oluphambili Kwi-Empuma Yamaroma yayilulwimi lwesigrike. Emva Kokuwa Kobukhosi Basebyzantium, isigrike sadlula ixesha lokuwa. Ngowe-1976, isigrike saba lulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni. Namhlanje, isigrike sesinye sezona lwimi zithethwa Kakhulu Eyurophu, ezinezithethi ezimalunga nezigidi ezili-15 zomthonyama.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwesigrike?

1. Uhomer-uthathwa njengoyise wolwimi lwesigrike kunye noncwadi, ogama lakhe, I-Iliad Kunye Ne-Odyssey, yimisebenzi esisiseko yoncwadi Lwasentshona.
2. Uplato-isithandi sobulumko samandulo kuthiwa sazisa iingcamango ezintsha, amagama namabinzana kulwimi lwesigrike.
3. U-Aristotle-Akazange abhale ngokubanzi malunga nefilosofi kunye nesayensi kwisigrike sakhe somthonyama, kodwa abanye bakholelwa ukuba wayengowokuqala ukuguqula ulwimi.
4. Uhippocrates-Owaziwa Ngokuba Nguyise Wezamayeza, wabhala kakhulu ngesigrike, enempembelelo enkulu kwisigama sezonyango.
5. Demosthenes - esi sithethi sikhulu sabhala ngenkuthalo ngolwimi, kuquka iintetho ezininzi, amazwi neminye imisebenzi.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi lwesigrike?

Ubume bolwimi lwesigrike buchaphazeleka kakhulu, oko kuthetha ukuba amagama atshintsha ifom ngokwendima yabo kwisivakalisi. Umzekelo, izibizo, izichazi, kunye nezimelabizo kufuneka zincitshiswe ukuze zibonise inani, isini, kunye netyala. Izenzi zidibaniswa ukubonisa ukuqina, ilizwi kunye nomoya. Ukongeza, amagama angaphakathi adla ngokutshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kumongo afumaneka kuwo.

Indlela yokufunda isigrike ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Thenga ikhosi elungileyo esisiseko ngesigrike: ikhosi elungileyo yokwazisa ngolwimi lwesigrike iya kukunika isishwankathelo solwimi kwaye ikufundise iziseko ezinje ngegrama, ukubiza, kunye nesigama.
2. Ukufunda ialfabhethi yesigrike linyathelo lokuqala lokuqonda amagama esigrike kunye namabinzana. Qiniseka ukuba ufunda oonobumba abakhulu nabasezantsi kwaye usebenzise ukubiza kwakho.
3. Funda amagama aqhelekileyo kunye namabinzana: zama ukukhetha amanye amabinzana aqhelekileyo esigrike kunye namagama. Oku kubandakanya imibuliso kunye namagama aluncedo such ngo" molo", "sala kakuhle", "nceda", "enkosi", " ewe "kunye no "hayi".
4. Mamela umculo wesigrike: Ukumamela umculo wesigrike kunokukunceda ekukhetheni ukubizwa, isingqisho kunye nentetho yolwimi. Ikwakunika indlela ephilayo yokufunda ulwimi, njengoko ikuveza kwiingxoxo zobomi bokwenyani kunye neemeko.
5. Ukuziqhelanisa nesithethi somthonyama: Ukuba unokufikelela kwisithethi somthonyama sesigrike, ukuziqhelanisa nolwimi kunye nabo kubalulekile. Ukuthetha ngokuvakalayo kunye nokuncokola ngesigrike kukuvumela ukuba ufunde ngokukhawuleza ulwimi kwaye ulungise naziphi na iimpazamo ozenzayo.
6. Bhalisela iklasi yolwimi: Ukuba awukwazi ukufikelela kwisithethi sesigrike somthonyama, ukubhalisela iklasi yolwimi yindlela enhle yokufunda ulwimi. Uya kungqongwa ngabantu abakwisikhephe esinye njengawe kwaye oku kuya kukunika ithuba lokuziqhelanisa kwaye ubuze imibuzo malunga nolwimi.
7. Funda uncwadi lwesigrike: Ukufunda uncwadi lwakudala nolwanamhlanje lwesigrike kuya kukunika ukuqonda kulwimi kwaye kukuvumele ukuba ufumane ukuqonda okunzulu kwezinto zalo.
8. Bukela iimovie ZESIGRIKE KUNYE nemiboniso YETV: Ukubukela iimovie ZESIGRIKE kunye nemiboniso YETV kuya kukuvumela ukuba ubonakale kulwimi kwincoko yemihla ngemihla ukuze uqale ukuqonda ukuba kuthethwa njani.
9. Thatha Uhambo Oluya Egrisi: indlela efanelekileyo yokufunda ulwimi kukuntywila kwinkcubeko nakwiindawo ezikufutshane. Ukuthatha Uhambo Oluya Egrisi kuya kukunika ithuba lokuziqhelanisa nolwimi kubomi bemihla ngemihla kwaye uthathe iziyelelane zommandla.

Inguqulelo yasebasque yintsimi ekhethekileyo yokutolika apho amagama avela kulwimi Lwasebasque, ulwimi lwakudala oluthethwa ngabantu abancinci ngokusekwe Ikakhulu Kusingasiqithi Wase-Iberia Osemantla, aguqulelwa kolunye ulwimi. Ngelixa Ibasque ingathethwa ngokubanzi ngaphandle kwemimandla yayo yomthonyama, kukho iimfuno ezandayo zokuguqulela amaxwebhu kunye nonxibelelwano kolu lwimi kuzo zombini iinjongo zeshishini kunye nezobuqu.

Zininzi izinto ezenza inguqulelo Yebasque yahluke kwezinye iilwimi. Okokuqala, lulwimi olungelulo Olwe-Indo-European olungenazo izihlobo ezisondeleyo okanye olufana nolunye ulwimi ehlabathini. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaguquleli kufuneka babe nolwazi olunzulu lolwimi kwaye babe nobuchule obukhulu bokubonelela ngeenguqulelo ezichanekileyo. Okwesibini, Ulwimi Lwasebasque luneelwimi ezininzi kunye ne-accents ezingahluka kakhulu nakwindawo encinci yejografi. Oku kufuna inqanaba lolwazi lwenkcubeko ukuqonda ngokuchanekileyo izinto zolwimi.

Xa ufuna umguquleli Wasebasque, qiniseka ukuba baneziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo. Bafanele babe ne-fluency yolwimi, ulwazi olubanzi lwenkcubeko kunye namava entsimini. Ukongezelela, bafanele babe nolwazi olunzulu lwegrama, isivakalisi kunye nesigama solwimi. Oku kubalulekile ekuveliseni iinguqulelo ezichanekileyo kunye nokugcina intsingiselo yomthonyama yesicatshulwa.

Ukongeza ekutolikeni amaxwebhu, abaguquleli Basebasque banokubonelela ngeenkonzo zabo ekutolikeni iincoko eziphilayo, ukurekhodwa komsindo, kunye nezinye iindlela zonxibelelwano. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuguqulelwa kunokuba yimfuneko kwiindawo okanye izikhumbuzo ezifuna ulwazi olukhethekileyo.

Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ulwimi Lwasebasque luyingqayizivele kwaye luyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yoku, inguqulelo echanekileyo ifuna uncedo lweengcali ezinolwazi ngolwimi, inkcubeko kunye nolwimi lwabantu Basebasque. Ngoncedo lwabo, abantu kunye namashishini ngokufanayo banokuvala umsantsa wolwimi phakathi Kwebasque nolunye ulwimi, ukuvumela ukuqonda okungcono kunye nonxibelelwano oluphuculweyo.

Ngawaphi Amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwasebasque?

Ulwimi Lwasebasque luthethwa ikakhulu emantla Espain, Kwilizwe Lasebasque, kodwa ikwathethwa Enavarre (Espain) nakumaphondo Asebasque efrance.

Ziziphi iilwimi Zasebasque?

Ulwimi Lwasebasque lulwimi lwangaphambi kwembali, oluthethwa Kwilizwe Lasebasque nakwimimandla Yasenavarre yasespain Nasefrance amawaka eminyaka. Ulwimi Lwasebasque luhlukile; alunazo izihlobo zolwimi ngaphandle kweentlobo ezimbalwa Ze-Aquitanian eziphantse zaphela. Ukukhankanywa kokuqala kolwimi Lwasebasque kusuka kwi-5th century ad, kodwa kukho ubungqina bobukho bayo ngaphambi koko. Ebudeni Bamaxesha Aphakathi, Ibasque yayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengolwimi lwezorhwebo, kwaye amagama amaninzi emali-mboleko afakwe kwezinye iilwimi, ngakumbi ispanish nesifrentshi. Noko ke, ebudeni beenkulungwane ezalandelayo, ukusetyenziswa kolwimi kwaqalisa ukuhla. Ngekhulu lama-20, Ibasque yayiphelelwe ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo Ezininzi Zelizwe Lasebasque, kwaye kwezinye iindawo, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwavalwa. Eli xesha lokwehla libuyiselwe umva ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, kunye nomdla ohlaziyiweyo kulwimi okhokelela ekubeni kwenziwe amanyathelo okukhusela nokukhuthaza ulwimi. Kwenziwe iinzame zokwandisa ukusetyenziswa Kwebasque ezikolweni nakwiinkonzo zikarhulumente, kwaye ngoku ifundiswa kwezinye izikolo Kwilizwe Lasebasque. Ulwimi lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumajelo eendaba,uncwadi kunye nobugcisa bokwenza. Ngaphandle kwezi nzame, ulwimi Lwasebasque lusengozini, kwaye kuphela malunga ne-33% yabantu Kwilizwe Lasebasque abakwaziyo ukuthetha namhlanje.

Ngoobani abantu aba-5 abaphambili abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwasebasque?

1. Usabino Arana (1865-1903): Ibasque yesizwe, ipolitiki kunye nombhali. Wayenguvulindlela kwi-Basque language revival movement kwaye unikezelwa ngokudala inkqubo yokupela yasebasque.
2. Uvuko Umaría De Azkue (1864-1951): Ingcali Yeelwimi kunye nombhali wesichazi-magama owabhala isichazi-magama sokuqala Sasebasque-ispanish.
3. Ubernardo Estornés Lasa (1916-2008): uprofesa Obalaseleyo weencwadi Zebasque, umbhali kunye nembongi. Waqulunqa i-Orthography yokuqala Yasebasque.
4. Koldo Mitxelena (1915-1997): Ingcali Yeelwimi Kunye nonjingalwazi Webasque Philology. Wayengomnye wabasunguli beelwimi Zasebasque zanamhlanje.
5. Upello Erroteta (owazalwa ngo-1954): Umbhali Wenoveli, umbhali wokudlala kunye nonjingalwazi Woncwadi Lwasebasque. Ubhale ngokubanzi malunga nenkcubeko Yasebasque kwaye wakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwebasque kwiincwadi.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Lwasebasque?

Ulwimi Lwasebasque lulwimi oludibeneyo, oku kuthetha ukuba longeza izimamva kunye nezimaphambili kumagama ukubonisa intsingiselo. Is syntax ikakhulu sisihloko-izimvo kulwakhiwo, apho isihloko siza kuqala kwaye umxholo ophambili ulandela. Kwakhona, kukho i-verticism yokuqala. I-Basque ine-inflection ezimbini zomlomo: enye yezinto ezikhoyo kunye neyexesha elidlulileyo, kunye neemeko ezintathu (ezibonisa, ukuzithoba, ukunyanzeliswa). Ukongeza, ulwimi luqulethe inani leeklasi zezibizo, ezigqitywe ngesikhamiso sokugqibela segama kunye nesini sesibizo.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwasebasque ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Ukutyala imali kwizixhobo zokufunda ezinjengeencwadi zezifundo okanye iikhosi ezikwi-intanethi. Ibasque yenye yeelwimi ezindala Eyurophu kwaye kunokuba nzima ukufunda ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezaneleyo.
2. Mamela iinkqubo zikanomathotholo, ubukele iinkqubo zikamabonwakude, kwaye ufunde ezinye iincwadi Ebasque. Oku kuya kukunika ukuqonda okungcono kolwimi kwaye kukubonise ngemizekelo yehlabathi lokwenyani yendlela esetyenziswa ngayo.
3. Thatha iiklasi. Iiyunivesithi zasekuhlaleni kunye nemibutho ngamanye amaxesha zibonelela ngeeklasi zolwimi okanye ukufundisa Ebasque. Ezi klasi zihlala zinika ithuba elihle lokuba neencoko kunye nezithethi zomthonyama kwaye ufumane amava asebenzayo.
4. Ziqhelise ukuthetha. Ukubiza ibasque kunokuba ngumceli mngeni. Ukuziqhelanisa rhoqo kunye nengxelo evela kwizithethi zomthonyama kunokukunceda ukuba ukhululeke ngakumbi ngolwimi.
5. Fumana iqabane lencoko. Fumana Umntu othetha Nebasque kwaye angathanda ukunxibelelana nawe ubuncinci kube kanye ngeveki. Ukuba neqabane lencoko kunokuba yindlela entle yokuhlala ukhuthazekile kwaye ufunde ulwimi kwimeko.