I-croatian Sundanese Guqulela

Xhosa: Ukuvala ulwimi Edit

Icroatia lulwimi olusemthethweni Ecroatia Nasebosnia-Herzegovina, kodwa ikwathethwa ngabantu abancinci abambalwa basecroatia Eserbia, Emontenegro, kumazwe angabamelwane, nakwihlabathi liphela. Yingakho abaninzi abantu kunye namashishini baguqulela iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasecroatia ukuvala umsantsa wolwimi.

Icroatia lulwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic kwaye iboleka kakhulu kwiingcambu zesilatini Nesijamani. Ulwimi Lwaseburhulumenteni Ecroatia kunye nolwimi olusemthethweni oluncinci Ebosnia-Herzegovina. Icroatia yinxalenye Yosapho Lweelwimi Zase-Indo-European kwaye yabelana ngengcambu eqhelekileyo nezinye iilwimi Zeslavic ezinje ngesirashiya, isipolish, kunye nesiczech.

Ngenxa yeengcambu zayo ezabelwana ngazo, isicroatia kulula ukuba izithethi zezinye iilwimi Zeslavic zifunde. Yabelana ngokufana okuninzi kwigrama kunye nesakhiwo sesivakalisi. Kukho kanjalo ezininzi yenkcubeko similarities phakathi Slavic amazwe ukuba yenza ukuqonda Croatian lula kuba abo kunye ulwazi Ezinye Slavic iilwimi.

Kulabo abangenawo amava kunye nezinye iilwimi zeslavic, isicroatia sisenokuba lula ukuyifumana. Ngenxa yempembelelo yayo yenkcubeko eyahlukeneyo, icroatia iboleka amagama kwezinye iilwimi kwaye inenani elikhulu lemali mboleko. I-croatia ine-alfabhethi yefowuni, eyenza kube lula ukufunda kunezinye iilwimi.

Icroatia nayo ineelwimi ezininzi ezahlukileyo ngokusekwe kwindawo ekuyo, kunye nezinto zentlalo kunye nenkcubeko. Ezi lwimi zinokwahluka ngesigama nangesibizo ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni zithethwa nini yaye phi.

Eyona ndlela ingcono yokuqinisekisa ukuchaneka kwiinguqulelo zesicroatia kukusebenzisa umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo otyibilikayo kulwimi kwaye aqhelene neziyelelane. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa ukuba uguqulelo luchanekile, luyaqondakala kwaye alunazimpazamo. Abaguquleli abaqeqeshiweyo banokubonelela ngomxholo owongezelelweyo kunye nolwazi lwenkcubeko ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinguqulelo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno zabaphulaphuli ekujoliswe kubo.

Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasecroatia zinokunceda ukuvala umsantsa wolwimi kwaye zizise ishishini lakho okanye imveliso kwiimarike ezintsha. Nokuba ufuna ukuguqulela amaxwebhu, iincwadana, iiwebhusayithi, okanye umxholo, ingcali efanelekileyo inokukunceda ufikelele kubaphulaphuli bakho ekujoliswe kubo. Abaguquleli abaziingcali banokukunceda uqonde inkcubeko kunye namasiko asekuhlaleni ukuze ukwazi ukunxibelelana kakuhle nabathengi kunye namaqabane kwimarike yakho entsha.

Ngokuvula ulwimi Lweadriatic ngenguqulelo yesicroatia, unokuvula amathuba amatsha okukhula kunye nempumelelo. Iinkonzo zokuguqulela zasecroatia zinokukunceda ukuvala izikhewu zolwimi nezenkcubeko ukuze wabelane ngomyalezo wakho nehlabathi.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha ulwimi lwasecroatia?

Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Ecroatia, Ebosnia Naseherzegovina, nakwiindawo Zaseserbia, Emontenegro Naseslovenia. Ikwathethwa ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezithile ezincinci Eostriya, Ehungary, E-Itali Naseromania.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zasecroatia?

Ulwimi lwasecroatia Lulwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic oluneengcambu zalo kwinkulungwane ye-11. Yayisetyenziswa ngamacroats okuqala, Abantu Basemzantsi Slavic abahlala kwindawo ngoku eyicroatia Kumaxesha Aphakathi. Ulwimi oluvela Kwicawa Yakudala Islavonic, ulwimi lwembali olusetyenziswa ngabantu Baseslavic Basempuma Yurophu.
Ekuhambeni kwexesha, icroatia yaqalisa ukuthabatha uhlobo olwahlukileyo yaye kamva yasetyenziswa kuncwadi, nakwezinye iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngenkulungwane ye-16, icroatia yafumana umlinganiselo othile wokubekwa emgangathweni ngokupapashwa kwesichazi-magama esibalulekileyo sasecroatia.
Ekugqibeleni, icroatia yakha inxalenye Yobukhosi Base-Austria-Hungarian kwaye yafumana umgangatho ophezulu ngexesha le-19th century, ifana kakhulu nolwimi lwaseserbia. Emva kwemfazwe yehlabathi I, kwasekwa Ubukumkani baseserbia, Basecroats naseslovenes, kamva ababebizwa Ngokuba Yiyugoslavia. Icroatia yahlala ingatshintshanga de yaba lulwimi olusemthethweni Lwasecroatia ngo-1991 kunye nesibhengezo sobu-independence.
Ukususela ngoko, ulwimi luye lwaqhubeka luguquka, kunye neenguqu ezenziwe ukupela, iziphumlisi, kunye namagama amatsha afakwe kwisichazi-magama. Namhlanje, icroatia kuthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezi-5.5 abahlala Ecroatia, Ebosnia Naseherzegovina, Eserbia, Eostriya, Ehungary, Eitali Naseswitzerland.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwasecroatia?

1. Umarko Marulić (1450-1524) - Ithathelwa Ingqalelo ukuba ibe nguyise weencwadi zanamhlanje zasecroatia kwaye ingqalelo yokuqala enkulu umbhali wasecroatia, Umarulić waqulunqa imisebenzi kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo kuquka imibongo,idrama, kunye nenkolo. Owona msebenzi wakhe udumileyo Ngujudita, umbongo obalaseleyo osekwe Kwincwadi Yetestamente Endala Kajudith.
2. U-Ivan Gundulić ( 1589-1638) - imbongi eyaziwayo eyabhala i-national epic Osman, kunye ne-play dubravka. Wayengomnye wababhali bokuqala basecroatia ukubandakanya izinto zolwimi lwasecroatia kwimisebenzi yakhe.
3. Držić (1508-1567) - Držić widely lunxulumano njengoko wokuqala Croatian dramatist kwaye umseki we-Croatian theatre. Imidlalo yakhe ihlala ibonisa uburharha obumnyama, i-satire, kunye nemvakalelo enamandla yokuqonda kwesizwe.
4. Umatija Antun Riković (1735-1810) - Uriković ubizwa ngokuba ngowokuqala ukubhala ngolwimi lwesicroatia, okwenza kube lula ukuba abantu baqonde kwaye bafunde. Kwakhona wabhala iincwadi ezininzi, amaphecana, namanqaku athetha ngemixholo eyahlukahlukeneyo efana nesayensi, intanda-bulumko nezobupolitika.
5. Petar Preradović (1818-1872) - Preradović ubekwa ngokubanzi njenge "Croatian Byron" kwimibongo yakhe yothando kunye nemibongo yokuthand ' izwe. Ukhunjulwa ngokukhuthaza umanyano lwesizwe, ngakumbi phakathi kwamacandelo amabini Ecroatia, kunye negalelo lakhe kuphuhliso lolwimi lwasecroatia.

Njani ulwimi lwesicroatia?

Ulwimi lwasecroatia lulwimi Lwase-Indo-European kwaye luyinxalenye Yeqela Lolwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic. Inesakhiwo esifanayo nezinye iilwimi Zeslavic, ezinje ngesibulgaria, isiczech, isipolish nesirashiya. Izenzi zasecroatia zidibaniswa ngokomntu kunye nexesha elide, izibizo kunye nezichazi ziyancitshiswa ngokwesini, inombolo kunye necala, kwaye kukho iimeko ezintandathu zegrama. Isebenzisa ialfabhethi yesilatini kwaye inkqubo yayo yokubhala ifonemic, oko kuthetha ukuba unobumba ngamnye uhambelana nesandi esinye.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi lwasecroatia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Qala ngeziseko: kubalulekile ukuba nolwazi olusisiseko lwegrama, ukubizwa kwamagama kunye noonobumba besicroatia ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukufunda ulwimi. Qala ngencwadi elungileyo okanye ikhosi, njengepimsleur okanye Uzifundise isicroatia.
2. Mamela i-podcasts yasecroatia: Ukumamela iipodcasts zasecroatia kunye nemiboniso yenye yeendlela ezilungileyo zokufunda kunye nokuqhelana nolwimi. Zininzi iividiyo Zeyoutube ezinezifundo ezithile ngokubiza kunye negrama-bukela kangangoko unako!
3. Ukuziqhelanisa nesithethi somthonyama: Ukuthetha nesithethi somthonyama yenye yeendlela eziluncedo nezonwabisayo zokufunda ulwimi. Unokufumana ngokulula iqabane lolwimi kwi-intanethi okanye kwisixeko sakho.
4. Funda iincwadi zasecroatia: Fumana iincwadi, amanqaku kunye neemagazini ngesicroatia kwaye uzifunde rhoqo. Zama ukufumana uhlobo olukufaneleyo kwaye uqale ukufunda!
5. Sebenzisa ii-flashcards ukuze ufunde isigama: Ii-Flashcards ziyithuluzi elihle xa kuziwa ekufundeni amagama amatsha, ngokukodwa kwiilwimi ezifana nesicroatia apho kukho amagama amaninzi ahlukeneyo kwinto efanayo.
6. Zibhaptize: eyona ndlela yokuqonda ulwimi kukuzifaka kuyo-yiya Ecroatia ukuba unako, okanye ubukele iimovie kwaye umamele umculo ecroatia.
7. Ukufunda i-croatia kunokuba ngamava amnandi kwaye anomvuzo - qiniseka ukuba uyayonwabela inkqubo kwaye ungabeki uxinzelelo olukhulu kuwe.

Isisundanese sesinye sezona lwimi zithethwa Kakhulu Eindonesia. Yinxalenye yosapho lolwimi Lwaseostreliya kwaye kuthethwa ngabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-40 kwingingqi Yasesunda. Ulwimi luye lwaba ngumxholo weelwimi ezininzi kunye nabaphengululi kule minyaka, kwaye inembali yenkcubeko etyebileyo ebuyela emva kweenkulungwane.

Uguqulelo lwesundanese yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuthandwa kolwimi kunye nokwamkelwa. Ngeentetho ezincinci emhlabeni jikelele, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ziyafumaneka Ngesundanese ukuze zihlale zidlamkile kwaye zifikeleleke kubo bonke.

Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuguqulela Kwisundanese, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwezixhobo eziguqulelwayo. Ngokomzekelo, izicatshulwa zonqulo zifuna ukuchaneka okukhulu kunye nokuchaneka, kunye nolwazi lweempawu zonqulo kunye nezithethe. Ngelixa iinguqulelo ngokubanzi zinokusingathwa zizithethi zomthonyama zolwimi, ezi meko zikhethekileyo zihlala zifuna abaguquleli abaziingcali abanolwazi olukhethekileyo kuloo ndawo.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba inguqulelo Yesundanese ayikho malunga namagama kuphela. Njengenxalenye yenkcubeko, zininzi izinto zolwimi ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo ukuze kuguqulelwe ngempumelelo izixhobo Kwisundanese. Oku kufuna inqanaba elithile lobuchule kunye namava ngolwimi, kunye nokuqonda amasiko kunye nenkcubeko yendawo.

Ukongeza ekuboneleleni ngenkonzo yokuguqulela, kukho ezinye iindlela zokunceda ukugcina Isundanese iphila kwaye ifanelekile kwindawo yanamhlanje. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ekufuneka uzenzile kukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zolwimi Lwesundanese zifumaneka ngokulula kwi-intanethi. Oku kuthetha ukwenza izichazi-magama ezisekwe kwiwebhu kunye nezinye izinto ezinokusetyenziswa nangubani na ononxibelelwano lwe-intanethi. Njengoko ulwimi luqhubeka luguquka, izixhobo ezinjalo zinokunceda ukugcina ulwimi lwangoku kwaye luhambelana neemfuno zezithethi zalo.

Uguqulelo lwesundanese luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwimi luhlala ludlamkile kwaye luphila kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Ngemizamo yabo bobabini abaziingcali kunye nabemi bomthonyama, ulwimi lunokuqhubeka nokuba ngumthombo wamandla kunye nekratshi elizweni, ngelixa likwanceda ukuphucula unxibelelwano phakathi kweenkcubeko.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwesundanese?

I-Sundanese ithethwa kumaphondo Aseindonesia Asebanten Nasentshona Java, kunye neendawo Zejava Esembindini. Ikwathethwa ngamanani amancinci abantu Beentlanga Zesundanese abahlala kwezinye iindawo Zase-Indonesia, Esingapore Nasemalaysia.

Lithini ixesha lokubhalwa kweelwimi Zesintu?

Ulwimi Lwesundanese lulwimi Lwaseostreliya oluthethwa ngabantu abaqikelelwa kwizigidi ezingama-30 abahlala Kumaphondo Asentshona Java Nasebanten Eindonesia. Lulwimi lwesibini oluthethwa kakhulu kwilizwe emva Kwesijavanese, kwaye ibilulwimi loncwadi lwenkundla ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-14. Imibhalo yokuqala eyaziwayo Yesundanese yabhalwa emva kwekhulu LE-11 AD, kwaye kucingelwa ukuba ulwimi luye lwajikeleza ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-1 500. I-Sundanese iyinxalenye yesebe lasentshona Lasemalayo-Polynesia losapho Lweelwimi Zase-Australia, kwaye inxulumene Nejavanese Kunye Nebalinese. I-Sundanese isetyenziselwa unxibelelwano lwemihla ngemihla, njengolwimi lwezorhwebo, kwaye njengendlela yobugcisa nenkcubeko, ebonakaliswe ngomdaniso wesintu, injana yesithunzi (I-Wayang Golek), kunye nomculo odumileyo wesitayile somculo owaziwa Ngokuba Yi-Kecapi Suling. Olu lwimi luye lwasetyenziswa kangangeenkulungwane kwizicwangciso zemfundo, nemibhalo-ngqangi yakudala edla ngokubhalwa Ngesisundanese okanye ngomxube Wesundanese Nejavanese.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwesundanese?

1. I-Sunandari, eyaziwa ngokuba Yi "Mama Of Sundanese Poetry," yayiyimbongi yasesundanese eyaziwayo eyaziswa ngokuzisa ulwimi Lwesundanese kwifom yemibongo ngeminyaka yoo-1700.
2. Ua Maramis (1914-1995), umbhali, umguquleli, kunye nengcali yeelwimi, wandise kakhulu umzimba wolwazi kulwimi Lwesundanese kwaye waseka i-academy yokuqala yesundanese yemfundo yolwimi.
3. Udardiri M. Arief (1917-1996), imbongi edumileyo, iguqulele imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ukusuka Ejavanese ukuya Kwisundanese, inegalelo kuphuhliso lwesundanese yoncwadi lwangoku kwinkulungwane yama-20.
4. Unjingalwazi H. Koesmanto (1929-2016), i-anactivist kunye nomphengululi, waseka I-Faculty Yeeleta Kwiyunivesithi Yasebandung, ezinikele kulwimi kunye noncwadi lwazo zonke iintlobo, kwaye wabhala iincwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku ejenali ngolwimi Lwesundanese.
5. Suryadi (b. 1934), imbongi edumileyo Yasesundanese kunye nomfanekiso woluntu, ibhale ngokubanzi kwisundanese Naseindonesia, kwaye ihlonitshwa kakhulu ngemisebenzi yakhe kwisiko nakwinkcubeko yabantu Basesundanese.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Lwesundanese?

Ulwimi Lwesundanese lulwimi Lwaseostreliya oluthethwa ngabantu abamalunga nezigidi ezingama-39 ikakhulu kwinxalenye esentshona Yesiqithi Sasejava Eindonesia. Yeyeqela elingaphantsi Lasemalayo-Polynesia losapho lolwimi Lwase-Australia kwaye inxulumene ngokusondeleyo Nejavanese, Madurese Kunye Nebalinese.
I-Sundanese lulwimi LWE-SVO (umxholo-isenzi-into). Izenzi ziyavumelana neengxoxo zabo ngokubhekiselele kumntu, inombolo, kunye nesini. Izibizo azingeniswa kwimeko kwaye akukho manqaku aqinisekileyo okanye angapheliyo. Kukho amadoda amathathu (abesilisa ,abesifazana nabangathathi neothi) kunye namanani amabini (isinye kunye nesininzi). I-Sundanese ineseti ephucukileyo yezihlomelo zomlomo, kubandakanya amanqaku aliqela kunye nezinye izinto zokumakisha. Ulwimi lukwasebenzisa umyalelo wegama njengendlela yokubonisa intsingiselo.

Indlela yokufunda ulwimi Lwesundanese ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana isithethi somthonyama Sesundanese kwaye unxibelelane nabo rhoqo. Kungcono ukuba neqabane lencoko onokuthi ulisebenzise ulwimi kwaye uncedane bafunde.
2. Thenga ezinye iincwadi okanye izixhobo zomsindo malunga nolwimi kwaye uqale ukufunda ngokwakho. Izibonelelo ezilungileyo ziquka iincwadi zegrama, iincwadi zezifundo, iincwadi zokusebenzela kunye nokurekhodwa komsindo.
3. Bhalisa kwiiklasi zolwimi okanye iiseshoni zokufundisa zabucala ezinokubonelela ngemfundo eyenzelwe wena kunye nengxelo.
4. Xa sele ukulungele, thatha uhambo Eindonesia kwaye uzame ukuntywilisela ngolwimi. Ngale ndlela, unokufunda ulwimi ngokumamela kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwiingxoxo kunye nezithethi zomthonyama.
5. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi ezinje ngeewebhusayithi, iiforamu kunye nemithombo yeendaba zentlalo ukuncokola nezithethi zomthonyama kwaye ufumane izixhobo ezongezelelweyo zokukunceda ekufundeni kwakho.