Itatar Isi-arabh Humusha

Isitatar siwulimi olukhulunywa Kakhulu Eriphabhuliki Yasetatarstan, eyingxenye Yerussian federation. Luwulimi Lwesiturkic futhi luhlobene nezinye izilimi Zesiturkic ezinjengesiturkey, isi-Uzbek nesikazakh. Kukhulunywa nasezingxenyeni Ezithile Zase-Azerbaijan, E-Ukraine Nasekazakhstan. Isitatar siwulimi olusemthethweni Etatarstan futhi sisetshenziswa kwezemfundo nasekuphathweni kukahulumeni.

Ngokwanda Kombuso waserussia, ulimi lwesitatar lwaphoqeleka ukuba lufundwe ezikoleni ezisezindaweni ezaba ingxenye Yetatarstan. Lokhu kwaholela ekunciphiseni ukusetshenziswa kwalo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kodwa ngawo-1990, lolu limi lwavuselelwa njengoba kwenziwa imizamo yokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwalo.

Uma kuziwa ekuhumusheni, kunezinketho ezimbalwa ezitholakalayo kulabo abafuna ukuhumushela imibhalo olimini lwesitatar. Indlela evame kakhulu yokuqedela inguqulo yesitatar iwukuqasha umhumushi wesitatar onguchwepheshe. Lokhu kunenzuzo yokunemba, njengoba beyojwayelana nemininingwane ehlukahlukene yolimi. Abahumushi abangochwepheshe ngokuvamile banolwazi emikhakheni ethile, njengokuhumusha okungokomthetho, okungokwezokwelapha, nokungokwezimali, ukuze bakwazi ukuhumusha ngokunembile.

Enye indlela ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokuhumusha olusizwa nge-computer. Lezi zinhlelo zenzelwe ukusiza abantu abangakhulumi ulimi lwabo lwendabuko ukuba bahumushe imibhalo ngokushesha nangokunembile. Basebenzisa ama-algorithm ukuze bafanise amagama nemishwana kusuka kolunye ulimi kuya kolunye ngaphandle kokungenela komuntu. Nokho, lezi zinhlelo zingase zingabi ezinembile njengokuba umhumushi ahlole idokhumenti.

Kukhona nezinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezikuyi-internet ezingase zinikeze izinguqulo ezinembile ezisuka esingisini ziye olimini lwesitatar. Lezi zinsizakalo ngokuvamile ziyindlela eshibhe kunazo zonke, kodwa azikwazi ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi efanayo nomhumushi onguchwepheshe. Uma ufuna isixazululo esisheshayo nesingabizi kakhulu sokuhumusha isitatar, lokhu kungaba inketho enhle. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi usebenzisa isevisi ehloniphekile ukuqinisekisa ukunemba.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela oyithathayo ukuze uhumushe isitatar, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukunemba ukuze ugweme izinkinga ezingaba khona esikhathini esizayo. Ngokuvamile ukuba nenguqulo yobuchwepheshe kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokufeza lokhu, kodwa uma izindleko ziyinkinga, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ezikuyi-internet noma izinhlelo ezisizwa nge-computer zingasiza.

Yiluphi ulimi lwesitatar olukhulunywa kuwo?

Ulimi lwesitatar lukhulunywa Kakhulu Erussia, kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-6 abakhuluma isitatar. Kukhulunywa nakwamanye amazwe Afana Ne-Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, turkey neturkmenistan.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwesitatar?

Ulimi lwesitatar, olwaziwa nangokuthi isikazan tatar, luwulimi Lwesiturkic lweqembu lekipchak olukhulunywa kakhulu Eriphabhulikhi yasetatarstan, isifunda saserussia federation. Kukhulunywa nakwezinye izingxenye Zaserussia, E-Uzbekistan Nasekazakhstan. Umlando wolimi lwesitatar uqala ngekhulu le-10 lapho Amabulgaria Asevolga amukela Ubusulumane futhi aba Amatatar anamuhla. Phakathi nenkathi Yegolden horde (ngekhulu le-13 kuya kwele-15), Amatatar ayebuswa amamongol futhi ulimi lwesitatar lwaqala ukuthonywa kakhulu izilimi zesimongolia nesipheresiya. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, lolu limi luye lwashintsha kakhulu ngenxa yokuxhumana kwalo nezinye izilimi Zesiturkic, kanye nesi-arabhu nesipheresiya. Ngenxa yalokho, sekuwulimi oluyingqayizivele oluhlukile ezihlotsheni zalo eziseduze futhi kuye kwavela izilimi ezihlukahlukene zesifunda. Incwadi yokuqala eyabhalwa ngolimi lwesitatar yanyatheliswa ngo-1584, enesihloko esithi "Divân-i lügati 't-türk". Kusukela ngekhulu le-19, Ulimi lwesitatar luye lwaqashelwa Ngezinga elihlukahlukene Umbuso waserussia bese kuba Isoviet Union. Yanikezwa isikhundla esisemthethweni Etatarstan ngesikhathi Sesoviet, kodwa yabhekana nokucindezelwa ngesikhathi sikastalin. Ngo-1989, izinhlamvu zamagama zesitatar zashintshwa zisuka Olimini Lwesicyrillic zaya Olimini Lwesilatini kwathi Ngo-1998, Iriphabhuliki yasetatarstan yamemezela ukuthi ulimi lwesitatar luwulimi olusemthethweni. Namuhla, lolu limi lusakhulunywa abantu Abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-8 Erussia, ikakhulukazi emphakathini wamatatar.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesitatar?

1. Ugabdulla tukay (18501913): imbongi nombhali wemidlalo yasetatar owabhala ngezilimi zase-Uzbek, isirashiya nesitatar futhi waba nesandla ekwandiseni ulimi nezincwadi zesitatar.
2. U-Äläskärä mirgäzizi (wekhulu le-17): umbhali ongumtatar owabhala uhlelo lolimi oluyingqopha-mlando lolimi lwesitatar futhi kuthiwa nguye owasungula isitayela esiyingqayizivele sokubhala izinkondlo.
3. Utegähirä Askänavi (18851951): isazi sezilimi nesitatar ucwaningo lwaso ngolimi lwesitatar lwalubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwalo.
4. Umäxämmädiar zarnäkäev (ngekhulu le-19): umbhali wesitatar kanye nembongi eyabhala isichazamazwi sokuqala sesitatar sanamuhla futhi yasiza ekuvumelaniseni ulimi lwesitatar.
5. U-Ildär faizi (1926-2007): umbhali nomlobi wezindaba wasetatar owabhala izindaba eziningi nezincwadi ngesitatar futhi waba negalelo elikhulu ekuvuseleleni ulimi lwezincwadi lwesitatar.

Isakhiwo solimi lwesitatar sinjani?

Isakhiwo solimi lwesitatar sihlelekile, sinendlela ejwayelekile yokuhlanganisa. Inamacala amane (okubizwa ngegama, okubizwa ngegama, okubizwa ngegama kanye nokubizwa kwegama) kanye nobulili obuthathu (obesilisa, obesifazane, nobungathathi.). Izenzo zihlanganiswa umuntu, inombolo, nesimo sengqondo, futhi amagama ayancipha ngesimo, ubulili, nenombolo. Ulimi lunesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokubeka amagama nezinhlayiya ezingabonisa izici ezinjengesici, isiqondiso, nendlela.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi Tatar ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Makeiseka ukuthi unayo ukufinyelela material quality-Kukhona eziningi omuhle kakhulu tatar ulimi learning imithombo kuyatholakala inthanethi futhi ezitolo zezincwadi, ngakhoureiseka ukuthi ukufinyelela material best kungenzeka.
2. Zijwayeze alfabhethi-Njengoba Tatar kulotshiwe cyrillic script ,ureiseka ukuthi ujwayelene alfabhethi esiyingqayizivele ngaphambi ungena ekufundeni ulimi.
3. Funda pronunciation and stress-Tatar isebenzisa uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi izinguquko onkamisa nokugcizelela on imisho, kanjalo abenza pronunciation yakho futhi bafunde ukuqaphela umehluko phakathi onkamisa kugcizelelwe futhi unstressed.
4. Ukujwayelana nemithetho eyisisekelo yohlelo lolimi nesakhiwo – ukuqonda kahle uhlelo lolimi oluyisisekelo nesakhiwo somusho kuyisihluthulelo uma kuziwa ekufundeni noma yiluphi ulimi.
5. Lalela, watch and funda-Ukulalela, ukubukela nokufunda in Tatar kuzokusiza ukuba uthole ukujwayela umsindo ulimi, kanye akunike umkhuba silulumagama nemishwana.
6. Yiba nezingxoxo-Ukuba nezingxoxo njalo nomuntu okhuluma isitatar kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokufunda noma yiluphi ulimi. Zama ukukhuluma kancane futhi ngokucacile ekuqaleni futhi ungesabi ukwenza amaphutha.

Ukubaluleka kokuhunyushwa kwesi-arabhu akunakugcizelelwa ngokweqile. Njengolunye lwezilimi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni, isi-arabhu siyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuxhumana emikhakheni eminingi yokuphila. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibhizinisi, ezombangazwe, ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe noma ukushintshana ngamasiko, ukuhumusha kusuka olimini lwesi-arabhu kuya kwezinye izilimi, futhi okuphambene nalokho, kungaba okubalulekile ekuxhumaneni okuphumelelayo.

Ebhizinisini, ikhono lokuhumusha ngokunembile imibhalo yebhizinisi nezincwadi libaluleke kakhulu. Njengoba amazwe akhuluma isi-arabhu eba yingxenye ebalulekile yomnotho womhlaba, abahumushi abanekhono besi-arabhu babalulekile ezingxoxweni eziphumelelayo, ekumaketheni nasekusebenzeleni amakhasimende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwazi lwezinsizakalo zokuhumusha ngesi-arabhu lusiza izinkampani ukuba zenze izinqumo ezinolwazi lapho zakha izimpahla, izinsizakalo namasu emakethe ekhuluma isi-arabhu.

Ngokwezombangazwe, ukuhumusha kusuka olimini lwesi-arabhu kuya kwezinye izilimi ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi wonke amaqembu asekhasini elilodwa. Kusukela ekuqondeni izivumelwano zokuhwebelana nenqubomgomo yezangaphandle kuya ekuqondiseni izingxoxo zokuthula, ukuhumusha ngesi-arabhu kunendima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izithakazelo nemibono ehlukene iyahlonishwa.

Ngokwesiko, ukuhumusha isi-arabhu kubalulekile ekuqondeni umlando, izincwadi, izinkondlo, inkolo nobuciko bemiphakathi ekhuluma isi-arabhu. Ngokuhunyushwa okunembile kwemibhalo, abezindaba, imibhalo, nezingxoxo ezikhulunywayo, abantu bangafunda ngemikhuba yamasiko eyingqayizivele yalaba bantu. Ukuze sinikeze isibonelo, izinguqulo zesingisi zezincwadi zakudala zesi-arabhu ezinjenge-Thousand And One nights zingasiza labo abanesithakazelo sokufunda ngamasiko Ama-Arabhu namasiko awo.

Ekugcineni, emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo yezokwelapha yesi-arabhu kuwumsebenzi obalulekile onganciphisa kakhulu isikhathi odokotela abasichitha bezama ukuhumusha le mibhalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhumusha okunembile kungasiza ezimweni eziphuthumayo, ngokuvumela izisebenzi zezokwelapha ukuba ziqonde ngokushesha umlando wezokwelapha wesiguli nezidingo zokunakekelwa.

Kusukela kwezamabhizinisi nakwezombangazwe kuya ezincwadini nakwezokwelapha, ukubaluleka kokuhunyushwa kwesi-arabhu akunakugcizelelwa ngokweqile. Abahumushi abanekhono kudingeka bavale ngokunembile igebe phakathi kwamasiko futhi baqinisekise ukuthi ukuxhumana kuhlala kucacile futhi kufushane. Ngokuhumusha okunembile, izinkampani, izinhlangano, abantu ngabanye, nezizwe zingakwazi ukuxhumana ngokuphumelelayo, okwenza kube lula ukuzulazula emhlabeni.

Yimaphi amazwe okukhulunywa kuwo isi-arabhu?

Isi-arabhu siwulimi olusemthethweni e-Algeria, Ebahrain, Ecomoros, Echad, Edjibouti, Egibhithe, E-Iraq, Ejordani, Ekuwait, Elebanon, Elibya, Emauritania, Emorocco, E-Oman, Epalestine, Eqatar, Esaudi Arabia, Esomalia, Esudan, Esyria, Etunisia, E-United Arab Emirates Naseyemen. Kukhulunywa nasezingxenyeni ezithile zamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nasezingxenyeni Ezithile Zase-United States, Efrance, Espain Nase-Israel.

Uyini umlando wolimi lwesi-arabhu?

Ulimi lwesi-arabhu lunomlando omude futhi ovelele, ohlanganisa iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. Kukholakala ukuthi lolu limi lwavela ohlotsheni lwezilimi zamasemite zasendulo, okucatshangwa ukuthi zavela Enhlonhlweni Yase-arabia ngekhulu lesi-4 bc. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lolu limi lwasakazekela nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwalo kwatholakala ezingxenyeni Ezithile Ze-Afrika Nasempumalanga Ephakathi.
Ulimi lwathola izinguquko eziningana ezibalulekile phakathi neminyaka yalo yokuqala, hhayi okungenani ukwanda Kobusulumane ngekhulu lesi-7 ad kanye nokwethulwa Kwekoran. Lokhu kwasiza ekwakheni ulimi, kwaletha amagama amasha amaningana, imishwana nemigomo yohlelo lolimi, kuyilapho kuqiniswa nokusetshenziswa kwesi-Arabhu Sakudala.
Emakhulwini eminyaka kusukela yasakazeka emhlabeni wonke, ulimi lwesi-arabhu luye lwaba ingxenye ebalulekile yezincwadi, lapho luye lwasetshenziselwa khona ukwenza imisebenzi engaphelelwa isikhathi yezinkondlo, ifilosofi nemfundiso yenkolo. Ezikhathini zamuva, iye yamukelwa nasezifundweni eziningi zesayensi, isekelwe emlandweni wayo ocebile njengolimi lolwazi nokukhuluma kahle.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesi-arabhu?

1. U-Abu al-Qasim al-zahiri (wekhulu lesi – 9 kuya kwele-10) - isazi sohlelo lolimi esivelele, kuthiwa wakhiqiza imisebenzi eminingi ngolimi lwesi-arabhu, kuhlanganise Nekitab al-Ayn (Incwadi Yolwazi), omunye wemisebenzi yokuqala futhi ebaluleke kakhulu yohlelo lolimi lwesi-arabhu lwakudala.
2. U-Ibn Qutaiba (828896 ad) – umbhali onethonya nesazi esabhala umsebenzi onemiqulu engu-12 ngohlelo lolimi lwesi-arabhu nezilimi ezinesihloko Esithi kitab al-shi 'r wa al-Shu' ara (Incwadi yezinkondlo Nezimbongi).
3. U-al – Jahiz (776869 ad) - umuntu othandekayo wezincwadi nesazi-mlando, imisebenzi yakhe yahlola izihloko eziningi kusukela kuhlelo lolimi kuya kwezesayensi yezilwane.
4. U – Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad (717791 ad) isazi sezilimi esidumile nesazi esasisebenzisa uhlelo lwaso lwezilimi Ekitab al-Ayn (Incwadi Yolwazi) yamukelwa kabanzi ngekhulu lesi-8.
5. U-Ibn muqaffa ' (721756 ad) – umhumushi odumile nommeli wokusetshenziswa kwezilimi zomdabu imisebenzi yakhe yayihlanganisa ukuhunyushwa kwemisebenzi yasendulo yasepheresiya ngesi-arabhu.

Ulimi lwesi-arabhu lunesakhiwo esingakanani?

Isakhiwo solimi lwesi-arabhu sisekelwe ekubunjweni kwezimpande namaphethini. Amagama amaningi olimini atholakala emsukeni onezinhlamvu ezintathu( ezinhlangothi ezintathu), lapho kungangezwa khona onkamisa abahlukahlukene nemisindo ukuze kwakhiwe amagama amasha anencazelo ehlobene. Lokhu kutholakala kuhilela ukushintsha onkamisa nemisindo, kanye nokwengeza iziqalo noma izijobelelo. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenza ulimi lwesi-arabhu lucebe ngendlela emangalisayo futhi luveze imizwa yalo.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi Arabic ngendlela efanele kunazo?

1. Thola umfundisi ofanelekayo. Uma ufuna ukufunda ulimi Arabic ngendlela efanele kakhulu, indlela engcono yokwenza lokhu ukuthola umfundisi ofanelekayo ongakufundisa. Bheka umfundisi onolwazi lokufundisa ulimi futhi angakusiza uqonde izakhiwo zohlelo lolimi kanye nemininingwane yolimi.
2. Sebenzisa imithombo ehlukahlukene. Nakuba ukufunda kumfundisi kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokufunda ulimi ngendlela efanele, kufanele usebenzise nezinye izinsiza ezinjengezincwadi, izifundo ezikuyi-internet, ama-video akuyi-internet, nezinto ezilalelwayo. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uthola ulimi ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene futhi kuzokusiza uthole ukuqonda okungcono kolimi.
3. Prakthiza njalo. Okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuba umuntu akwazi ukukhuluma kahle ulimi iwukuzijwayeza njalo. Prakthiza ukubhala, ukukhuluma, ukufunda, nokulalela ulimi. Zama ukuzicwilisa olimini ngokubuka amafilimu esi-arabhu, ukukhuluma nabantu abakhuluma isi-arabhu, noma ukulalela umculo wesi-arabhu.
4. Yenze eyakho ngempela. The more ungakwazi ngezifiso yokufunda yakho isipiliyoni, the kangcono off uzoba. Thola ukuthi yimaphi amasu asebenza kangcono ngohlobo lwakho lokufunda bese wenza ngokwezifiso indlela yakho yolimi ngokufanele.