Isiserbia Isibosnian Guqulela

Ukuguqulela ukusuka kwisiserbia ukuya kwisiserbia kufuna umguquleli onamava ukuchaneka kunye nokuqonda kwenkcubeko. Iserbia lilizwe Lasebalkan Kumazantsi Mpuma Eyurophu elinembali etyebileyo kunye nobudlelwane obusondeleyo namanye amazwe awayesakuba Yiyugoslavia. Inolwimi lwayo olwahlukileyo, ialfabhethi Yesicyrillic, kunye nenkcubeko ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo ngaphambi kokuzama ukuguqulela nawuphi na umbhalo.

Ulwimi lwaseserbia luyinxalenye yosapho Lolwimi Lwasemzantsi Slavic oluquka isibulgaria, isicroatia, nesimacedonia. Kukho iilwimi ezimbini eziphambili zolwimi, Isitokavia Kunye Netorlakian. Ngelixa I-Shtokavian yeyona fomu ithethwa kakhulu, Itorlakian isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiinjongo zoncwadi. Ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokuchaneka ekuguquleleni, umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo kufuneka aqhelane nazo zombini iziyelelane kunye nemiba yengingqi phakathi kwazo.

Isiserbia yabhalwa ngoonobumba Besicyrillic, abasuka kwisigrike. I - alfabhethi iqulethe oonobumba abaninzi kune-Latin alfabhethi, okwenza kube nzima ukufunda nokuqonda. Ngaloo ndlela, kubalulekile ukuba nomguquleli oqhelene nealfabhethi Yesicyrillic kwaye ukhululekile ngokuchwetheza kuyo ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka nokucaca kwisicatshulwa esiguqulelweyo.

Ngenxa yobudlelwane obusondeleyo kunye nezinye iintlanga zangaphambili Zaseyugoslavia, kubalulekile ukuba umguquleli wakho aqonde umongo kunye nenkcubeko Yaseserbia. Ulwimi kunye nembali Yaseserbia iye yachaphazeleka kakhulu kumazwe angabamelwane kunye namasiko. Umguquleli oqheleneyo nalo mmandla uya kuba nakho ukulungelelanisa umahluko weelwimi kunye nenkcubeko ukuze isicatshulwa ekujoliswe kuso sibonise ngokuchanekileyo intsingiselo kunye nenjongo yombhalo womthombo.

Ngamafutshane, umguquleli osebenza ukusuka okanye kwisiserbia kufuneka azi kakuhle ngolwimi lwaseserbia kunye nenkcubeko kunye namasiko awodwa. Ulwazi lwealfabhethi yesicyrillic lukwafuneka kuguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluchanekileyo okanye olusuka kwiserbia. Ngamava afanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo, umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo waseserbia unokukunika uguqulelo oluchanekileyo noluvakalayo ukusuka okanye ukuya kwiserbia.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseserbia?

Isiserbia, isiserbia, Ibosnia Neherzegovina, Imontenegro, Nekosovo. Ikwathethwa ngamaqela amancinci Ngaphakathi Kwecroatia, Ibulgaria, Ihungary, Iromania, Kunye Neriphabhlikhi Yasemantla Emacedonia.

Ziziphi iilwimi ezisemthethweni zaseserbia?

Ukuphuhliswa kolwimi lwaseserbia kunokulandelwa emva kwekhulu le-8, xa liqala ukuvela njengolwimi oluhlukileyo emva kokuwa Kobukhosi Basebyzantium ngekhulu le-7. Umzekelo wokuqala owaziwayo wokubhala kwesiserbia ubuyela kwi-13 leminyaka, nangona ininzi yale nto ngoku ithathwa njengesiserbia sasisele siphuhlisiwe ngelo xesha. Kumaxesha Aphakathi, Iserbia yayilikhaya leelwimi ezahlukeneyo, nganye ithethwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo kweli lizwe, kodwa ukuphuhliswa koncwadi Lwaseserbia ngenkulungwane ye-15 neye-16 kwanceda ukuzisa iziyelelane kunye nokubeka emgangathweni ulwimi.
Ngexesha lolawulo Lwama-Ottoman ukususela ngekhulu le-14 ukuya kwekhulu le-19, isiserbia sasichaphazeleka kakhulu yi-ottoman Turkish, eyashiya uphawu lwayo kulwimi ngokwemigaqo yesigama kunye negrama. Oku kuye kwaqhubeka kwiindawo ezininzi kude kube namhlanje, ngakumbi emazantsi nasempuma Yeserbia.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, kwenziwa uhlengahlengiso olungakumbi loncwadi, kwaye ulwimi lwaseserbia lwalulinganiselwe Ngokolwimi Lwaseserbia, olusetyenziselwa uninzi lweetekisi ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo kweli lizwe namhlanje. Ukususela ngoko, ulwimi luye lwachaphazeleka kakhulu kwezinye iilwimi, ngokuyinhloko isingesi, okwenza kube ngumxube onomdla.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi lwaseserbia?

1. Uvuk Stefanovic Karadzic (1787-1864): Owaziwa ngokuba "nguyise weencwadi zanamhlanje zaseserbia," wayengumntu obalulekileyo ekumiseni i-orthography yaseserbia kunye negrama kunye nokudala isichazi-magama saseserbia.
2. Udositej Obradovic (1739-1811): umbhali obumba uncwadi lwaseserbia kunye nemfundo, imisebenzi yakhe ibe negalelo elikhulu ekukhuleni kwenkcubeko yaseserbia, ulwimi kunye nemfundo.
3. Petar II Petrović-Njegoš (1813-1851): inkosana-bhishophu kunye nembongi yaseserbia, ngoyena mntu uphambili kwimbali yoncwadi lwaseserbia. Uyaziwa ngokuba ngumbongo wakhe we-1837 "I-Mountain Wreath," eyakhuthaza inational liberation movement.
4. Ujovan Sterija Popović (1806-1856): umdlalo weqonga, imisebenzi yakhe yanceda ekubumbeni ithiyetha yanamhlanje yaseserbia kunye nolwimi. Ithathwa njengempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso lolwimi lwaseserbia.
5. Ustefan Mitrov Ljubiša (1824-1878): umdlali okhokelayo Waseserbia, umsebenzi wakhe uye wanconywa ngokunceda ukubeka umgangatho wolwimi lwaseserbia. Imidlalo yakhe iqatshelwe ngezinto zabo ezihlekisayo kunye nokugxekwa kwabo kwezentlalo.

Uluphi ulwimi lwaseserbia?

Ulwimi lwaseserbia ngokuyintloko ludibaniso Lweelwimi Zeslavic Nezasebalkan. Lulwimi oluchaphazelayo olunamadoda amabini (ubudoda, ubufazi, kunye ne-neuter), amanani amathathu (isinye, amabini, kunye nesininzi) kunye namatyala asixhenxe (utyumbo, umtyholwa, umfuzo,umthambo, uvocative, isixhobo, kunye nendawo). Kwakhona inomxholo-Isenzi-Into igama umyalelo.

Indlela yokufunda isiserbia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Ukuya kwiiklasi zolwimi: enye yeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokufunda naluphi na ulwimi olutsha kukuya kwiklasi okanye ikhosi. Oku kunokuba lithuba elihle lokufunda igrama yaseserbia kunye nokubiza amagama kwindawo ehleliweyo, kunye notitshala oqeqeshiweyo esandleni ukukunceda.
2. Bukela Serbian movies kwaye TV ibonisa: Ukubukela i-tv kwaye bhanyabhanya yindlela enkulu familiarize ngokwakho kunye ulwimi kwaye ukufumana ezinye kuluncedo amabinzana kwaye idioms.
3. Fumana iqabane lokutshintshiselana ngolwimi: Ukuba ukuya kwiiklasi zolwimi akuyona inketho kuwe, ngoko ukufumana iqabane lokutshintshiselana ngolwimi kunokuba yindlela enhle yokufunda ngokukhawuleza. Qiniseka ukuba nobabini niyavumelana ngolwimi enifuna ukugxila kulo xa nithetha naxa nizilolonga.
4. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezikwi-intanethi: zininzi izibonelelo eziluncedo kwi-intanethi zokukunceda ufunde isiserbia, ezinje ngewebhusayithi, iiapps, iipodcasts kunye neevidiyo. Zama ukusebenzisa ezi zinto ukongeza eminye imisebenzi yakho yokufunda ulwimi.
5. Thetha isiserbia kunye native speakers: eyona ndlela ukuphucula yakho isiserbia kukuba senzo kunye native speakers. Joyina iqela lendawo okanye ufumane amathuba kwi-intanethi ukuthetha nezithethi zomthonyama. Oku kuya kukunceda uphucule ukubizwa kwakho, ukuzithemba kunye nokuqonda ulwimi.

Ngaba ufuna umguquleli othembekileyo nothembekileyo? Ngeenkampani ezininzi zokuguqulela phaya, kunokuba nzima ukwazi ukuba loluphi olona khetho lufanelekileyo. Nasi isikhokelo sokukunceda ufumane umguquleli wasebosnia ofanelekileyo kwiprojekthi yakho.

Xa ujonga umguquleli oqeqeshiweyo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba banamava kwiiprojekthi zolwimi Lwasebosnia. Umguquleli wasebosnia kufuneka abe nomyalelo olungileyo wolwimi, ulwazi lwenkcubeko, kunye nokukwazi ukusebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokubhala. Xa usebenzisa inkonzo yokuguqulela, kuhlala kulungile ukuqinisekisa ukuba bayaziqonda iinkcukacha zolwimi Lwasebosnia-njengolwimi olwahlukileyo olufumaneka Ebosnia Naseherzegovina.

Ukuchaneka kubaluleke kakhulu xa uguqulela Ukusuka Kwisibosnia ukuya kwezinye iilwimi, njengoko kukho izinto ezininzi ezifuna ukubanjwa ngokuchanekileyo. Umguquleli olungileyo wasebosnia uya kuba nakho ukuthatha amabinzana e-idiomatic kunye nobuqili bolwimi, eqinisekisa ukuba isicatshulwa santlandlolo siguqulelwe ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka, khangela inkonzo enokubonelela ngesiqinisekiso somgangatho.

Ukuhanjiswa kwangexesha kukwayinto ephambili xa ukhetha umguquleli Wasebosnia. Kubalulekile ukuba ujonge ixesha lokutshintsha kwiprojekthi nganye yolwimi kwaye ufumane uqikelelo lokuba ingagqitywa ngokukhawuleza kangakanani. Ukuba inkampani ayinakuzibophelela ekuhambiseni uxwebhu oluguqulelweyo ngomhla othile, kububulumko ukujonga kwenye indawo.

Ekugqibeleni, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela iindleko zenkonzo yokuguqulela. Nangona ixabiso akufanele libe yinto kuphela ekukhetheni umguquleli Wasebosnia, kulungile ukuthenga ngeenxa zonke ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana ixabiso elifanelekileyo lemali. Iindleko zokuguqulela zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kubude kunye nobunzima boxwebhu, kunye nesibini solwimi.

Ngokuphanda ngokucokisekileyo iinkonzo zokuguqulela Zasebosnia, kufuneka ukwazi ukufumana umboneleli onokuthenjwa kwaye ohloniphekileyo ohlangabezana neemfuno zakho. Ngomguquleli ofanelekileyo, unokubathemba ukuba baya kuhambisa uxwebhu oluphezulu, ngexesha, kunye nexabiso elifikelelekayo.

Ngawaphi amazwe athetha Ulwimi Lwasebosnia?

Ulwimi Lwasebosnia luthethwa ikakhulu Ebosnia Naseherzegovina, kodwa lukwathethwa kwezinye iindawo Zaseserbia, Emontenegro, Ecroatia nakwamanye amazwe angabamelwane.

Lithini igama lolwimi Lwasebosnia?

Iingcambu zembali zolwimi Lwasebosnia (ekwabizwa Ngokuba Yibosniak, Ibosančica, okanye Iserbo-croatia) zintsonkothile kwaye zininzi. Ulwimi Yi-South Slavic ulwimi, ezifana yayo neighboring iilwimi, isicroatian kwaye isiserbia. Le nguqulo inemvelaphi yolwimi Lwasebalkan lwamaxesha aphakathi athethwa Ngamakristu Asebosnia kuloo Mmandla ebudeni Bamaxesha Aphakathi. Olu lwimi lwakhula ngokuthe ngcembe de lwaba lulwimi olwahlukileyo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20.
Ngenkulungwane ye-19, iingcali zeelwimi zasecroatia Naseserbia zasebenza kunye ukudala ulwimi olubhaliweyo oludibeneyo kuzo zonke iilwimi Zasemzantsi Slavic zommandla, nangona abanye bathi, ngenxa yoko, zonke iilwimi ezintathu ziye zathathwa njengeziyelelane zolwimi olufanayo, olubizwa Ngokuba Yiserbo-croatia.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980 nasekuqaleni kweyee-1990, Ibosnia Neherzegovina yabhengeza ukuzimela geqe Eyugoslavia. Oku kwakhokelela ekwandeni kobuzwe Phakathi Kwamabosnia, nto leyo eyabangela ingcamango "yolwimi Lwasebosnia." Olu lwimi lwadalwa ngokuphuhliswa kolwimi, njengokuqaliswa kwamagama amatsha kunye namabinzana athathwe kwisiarabhu, isiturkish kunye nezinye iilwimi.
Namhlanje, ulwimi Lwasebosnia lubonwa njengolwimi olusemthethweni Ebosnia Naseherzegovina kwaye lufundiswa ezikolweni, kunye nokuthethwa ngokubanzi phakathi kwabemi. Ukongeza kwiindidi eziqhelekileyo Zesibosnia, kukho ezinye iintlobo ezimbini Zesibosnia ezithethwa kwimimandla ethile yelizwe :štokavian Kunye Nekajkavian.

Ngoobani abaphezulu be-5 abaye banegalelo elikhulu kulwimi Lwasebosnia?

1. Umatija Divković (ikhulu le-15) - icroatian humanist kunye nepolyglot owabhala isichazi - Magama Sokuqala Sasebosnia.
2. I – pavao Ritter Vitezović (i-17th century) - umbhali wasecroatia obizwa ngokuba ngumgangatho wolwimi Lwasebosnia kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Tractatus de origine et incrementis Slavorum Illyricorum".
3. Franjo Rački (ngenkulungwane ye-19) - umbhali-mbali wasecroatia, philologist nomphengululi Weslavic owabhala imisebenzi emininzi ngolwimi nenkcubeko Yasebosnia.
4. Uandrija Kacic Miosic (ngenkulungwane ye-19) - imbongi yasecroatia, umbhali nombhali wemidlalo yeqonga owaba negalelo kuphuhliso loncwadi lwangoku Lwasebosnia.
5. Ngo-agasti Cesarec (ikhulu lama-20) – imbongi yasecroatia, umbhali, ulwimi, umhleli kunye nompapashi owabhala amanqaku amaninzi kunye neencwadi ngolwimi Lwasebosnia kunye nenkcubeko.

Ulwakhiwo njani ulwimi Lwasebosnia?

Ulwimi lwasemzantsi Slavic oluhambelana kakhulu nesicroatia nesiserbia. Ilandela inkqubo efanayo ye-phonological njengesicroatia nesiserbia, kodwa kunye nokungafani kwezikhamiso. Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni Ebosnia Naseherzegovina kwaye ikwathethwa Emontenegro, Eserbia Nasecroatia. Igrama yayo isekwe ikakhulu kwiziyelelane ezibini eziphambili: ulwimi Lwasempuma Lweherzegovinia-Istrian kunye nesitokavia Sasentshona. Isakhiwo segrama Sasebosnia siquka ukubizwa kwesibizo, ukudibanisa isenzi, kunye nenkqubo entsonkothileyo yamaxesha asetyenziselwa ukubonisa iziganeko ezizayo, ezidlulileyo kunye nezikhoyo.

Indlela yokufunda Ulwimi Lwasebosnia ngendlela echanekileyo?

1. Fumana incwadi esemthethweni okanye ezinye izinto. Khangela incwadi Yolwimi Lwasebosnia okanye izinto zezifundo ezenzelwe abafundi bolwimi. Ezi zixhobo zihlala zibonelela ngeyona ndlela ibanzi, eyakhiweyo yokufunda Ibosnia.
2. Sebenzisa izibonelelo ezikwi-intanethi. Zininzi iiwebhusayithi ezinezifundo zasimahla kunye nemisebenzi yokukunceda ufunde Ibosnia, Njengeduolingo, LiveMocha, Kunye Nememrise. Ukongeza, zininzi iipodcasts, iividiyo kunye neengoma ezikhoyo ukukunceda uziqhelanise.
3. Nxibelelana nesithethi somthonyama. Ukuba uyazi umntu othetha Isibosnia, lithuba elihle lokuphucula izakhono zakho zolwimi! Zama ukuthetha nabo rhoqo ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ukhululeke usebenzisa ulwimi.
4. Bukela Iifilimu zasebosnia kunye nomabonwakude. Ukuchitha ixesha ukubukela iifilimu ZASEBOSNIA kunye nemiboniso YETV yenye yeendlela ezikhawulezayo zokuphucula ukuqonda kwakho ulwimi. Qiniseka ukuba unikele ingqalelo kubizo kunye nesigama esitsha.
5. Hlala ukhuthazekile. Ukufunda ulwimi luhambo kunye nenkqubo. Zama ukuhlala ushukunyiswa kukuzibekela usukelo olusengqiqweni, uzivuze xa ufikelela kwisiganeko esibalulekileyo uze uqiniseke ukuba uyonwaba ngoxa ufunda.