Isi-Hindi Isi-ukraine Humusha

Isihindi siwulimi oluyinhloko olukhulunywa abantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-500 Endiya nasemazweni amaningi ahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke. Lolunye lwezilimi ezisemthethweni Endiya, kanye nesingisi nezinye izilimi zesifunda. Ukuhumusha isihindi kuye kwaba okubaluleke ngokwengeziwe eminyakeni yamuva njengoba isidingo sokuxhumana phakathi kwabakhuluma Isihindi nesingisi sikhula.

Ulimi Lwesihindi luyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela emangalisayo futhi lunezilimi ezihlukahlukene. Lolu limi luhlanganisa amagama ahlukahlukene athathwe emithonjeni yesisanskrit, Isi-Urdu nesipheresiya, okwenza kube nenhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yezilimi. Ukuhumusha kusuka kolunye ulimi kuya kolunye kungaba nzima kakhulu futhi kudle isikhathi, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekuhumusheni imibhalo ebhaliwe noma amakhasi ewebhu. Ngenxa yalokho, izinsizakalo zokuhumusha Ngesihindi zifunwa kakhulu, okuvumela amabhizinisi nabantu ngabanye ukuba bashintshe ngokushesha nangokunembile imibhalo nemibhalo Ngesihindi.

Lapho ukhetha umhumushi wesihindi, kubalulekile ukukhetha umuntu oqonda ama-nuances olimi, kanye nezilimi zalo ezihlukahlukene. Abahumushi abanolwazi bayoluqonda ngokujulile ulimi nohlelo lwayo lolimi, olubalulekile ekukhiqizeni izinguqulo ezinembile. Ziyojwayelana namagama asetshenziswa ezimbonini ezithile nasezimweni ezithile, ukuze umbhalo ungalahlekelwa yinoma iyiphi incazelo yawo yasekuqaleni enqubweni yokuhumusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umhumushi omuhle Wesihindi uyoba nolwazi ngemithetho yamasiko ehlobene nolimi futhi aqiniseke ukuthi noma yiziphi izinto ezihunyushiwe ziyakucabangela lokhu.

Ukuhumusha isihindi kuyikhono elikhethekile kakhulu, futhi kubalulekile ukuqasha abahumushi abanolwazi, abaqeqeshiwe kuphela. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinsizakalo zokuhumusha eziku-inthanethi ezinganikeza ukuhumusha Kwesihindi, kodwa kubalulekile ukuhlola lezi zinkampani ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukunemba nekhwalithi. Izinguqulo ezinhle kakhulu ziyobamba umoya wolimi, kunokuba nje zinikeze ukuhunyushwa okungokoqobo kwamagama.

Ukuhumusha isihindi kuyithuluzi elibalulekile ekuvaleni igebe lokuxhumana phakathi kwabakhuluma Isihindi nesingisi. Ngosizo lwabahumushi abangochwepheshe, amabhizinisi angakwazi ukuxhumana ngokunembile nangempumelelo namakhasimende awo akhuluma izilimi ezimbili, kuyilapho abantu ngabanye bengakwazi ukuxhumana nomkhaya nabangane ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko.

Yimaphi amazwe okukhulunywa kuwo Isihindi?

Isihindi sikhulunywa Kakhulu Endiya Nasenepal, kodwa sikhulunywa nakwamanye amazwe kubandakanya Ibangladesh, Iguyana, Imauritius, Ipakistan, Itrinidad Netobago, Isuriname, I-Uganda, I-United Arab Emirates, I-United Kingdom, I-United states Neyemen.

Uyini umlando wolimi Lwesihindi?

Ulimi Lwesihindi lunomsuka walo olimini Lwesisanskrit Lwasendiya lasendulo olwavela esikhathini Samaveda (c.1500 500 bce). Isihindi siyingxenye yolimi lwesi-Indo-Aryan noma Lwesi-indic, futhi singolunye lwezilimi ezisemthethweni Zasendiya.
Ngekhulu le-14 ithonya lamapheresiya lalibalulekile ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho Yendiya futhi kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kolimi Lwesikhariboli oluyisandulela Sesihindi sanamuhla. Ngekhulu le-16, Umbuso Wamamughal wasakaza ithonya Lawo Kulo Lonke Elasendiya futhi lokhu kwaholela ekusakazekeni kolimi Lwesi-Urdu, oluvela olimini lwesi-arabhu nolwesipheresiya olwaluxubene nolimi lwendabuko Lwasekhariboli. Lolu limi oluxubekile lwalusetshenziselwa izinjongo zemibhalo nezokuphatha futhi lwaziwa Ngokuthi Isihindustani okubhekwa njengolandulela Kokubili Isi-Urdu Nesihindi.
I-British raj yaba nengxenye ekuthuthukiseni Isihindi. Imibhalo Yamahindu yahunyushelwa embhalweni Wesidevanagari, umbhalo osasetshenziswa nanamuhla. Phakathi nokubusa kwabo, Abasebrithani bakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwesingisi kangangokuthi abantu abaningi bamukela isingisi njengolimi lwabo abaluthandayo. Nokho izikole zazifundisa ngezinhlamvu Zesidevanagari, zikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa Kwesihindi.
Ngo-1949, kwaqashelwa izinhlobo ezimbili Ezihlukene Zesihindustani: Isihindi, esibhalwe ngezinhlamvu Zesidevanagari Nesi-Urdu, esibhalwe ngezinhlamvu zesipheresiya nesi-arabhu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi isihindi siye sathandwa kakhulu futhi manje siwulimi olukhulunywa Kakhulu Endiya.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini Lwesihindi?

1. U-Amir Khusro: imbongi nomculi omkhulu wamasufi, owabhala ngesipheresiya, isi-arabhu nesihindi, kuthiwa wadala isitayela esihlukile somculo wakudala Wasendiya owaziwa ngokuthi iqawwali. Uphinde adunyiswe ngokwenza ukusetshenziswa kolimi Lwesihindustani kwaziwa kakhulu okuhlanganisa izakhi zesisanskrit nesipheresiya.
2. Usubhadra Kumari Chauhan: uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi " unightingale Wasendiya "ngenkondlo yakhe edumile ethi" Jhansi ki rani " esebenza njengogqozi lowesifazane wanamuhla Wasendiya.
3. Uhazari Prasad Dwivedi: wayengumbhali okhiqiza kakhulu, isazi nomgxeki owabhala kabanzi ngezincwadi Zesihindi. Uphinde adunyiswe ngokwenza umphakathi wezincwadi ze - 'chhayawadi' owawufuna ukuthuthukisa isitayela esihlukile sezincwadi Zesihindi.
4. Umahadevi Verma: imbongi eyaziwayo, wayengomunye wamaphayona omzabalazo Wechhayawadi. Wayedume ngezinkondlo zakhe zobunyoninco futhi imibhalo yakhe yayiyindlela yokuphikisa izindinganiso zobu-orthodox.
5. Upremchand: ubhekwa njengombhali wezincwadi wasendiya omkhulu kunabo bonke Futhi ungumbhali wezindaba ezimfushane. Amanoveli akhe anikeza ukuqonda ngokuphila Endiya yangaphambi kokuzimela, futhi imisebenzi yakhe isafundwa kabanzi futhi yaziswa.

Isakhiwo solimi Lwesihindi sinjani?

Isakhiwo solimi Lwesihindi sisekelwe ohlelweni LWE-sov (subject-object-verb). Isebenzisa futhi umbhalo Wesidevanagari ukuze ibhalwe. Isihindi siwulimi olunezikhathi zokugcizelela olunokwakheka okucebile okuhlanganisa izijobelelo, izijobelelo, nokuhlanganiswa. Kukhona futhi ukuhlanganiswa okusekelwe ebulilini nasenombolweni.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi Hindi ngendlela efanele kunazo?

1. Buka Movie Hindi nge izihlokwana. Ukubukela Amabhayisikobho Hindi kuyindlela enkulu ukujwayelana ulimi namasiko, kanye ukufunda amagama amasha kanye nezinkulumo. Thola movie ezithakazelisayo kuwe, wafaka izihlokwana bese uqale ukufunda.
2. Lalela podcasts kanye nomsakazo. Ukulalela kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokufunda noma yiluphi ulimi. Lalela podcasts, izinhlelo indian radio, nomculo ukujwayelana imisindo Hindi.
3. Prakthiza ukubhala. Ukubhala kuyindlela enhle yokuzijwayeza uhlelo lolimi lwakho nokupela. Siseka ukubhala kokubili devanagari script kanye latin script.
4. Thatha ikilasi noma usebenzise okokufundisa online. Ukuthatha ikilasi noma usebenzisa isifundo online kungakusiza uthole isingeniso eziyisisekelo hindi lolimi kanye silulumagama.
5. Sebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza mobile noma umdlalo. Kunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zeselula nemidlalo etholakalayo ezokusiza ufunde Isihindi ngendlela ejabulisayo nexhumanayo.
6. Gxila engxoxweni. Uma une ukuqonda okuhle eziyisisekelo, indlela engcono kakhulu ukuthuthukisa Hindi yakho iwukuba umkhuba ukukhuluma it. Thola umlingani ulimi, ukukhuluma nabantu bendawo uma uvakashela India, noma ukujoyina umphakathi hindi-abakhuluma online.

Ukuhumusha isi-ukraine kubalulekile kumabhizinisi amaningi nezinhlangano ezidinga ukuxhumana nabantu abavela noma ngaphakathi Kwe-Ukraine. Kunezinsizakalo eziningi ezitholakalayo ukuze zibasize bafinyelele izilaleli ezihlosiwe, kusukela kubahumushi abazimele kuya ezinkampanini ezikhethekile zokuhumusha. Isidingo sokuhunyushwa kwesi-ukraine siyaqhubeka sikhula njengoba umnotho wezwe nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe buqhubeka nokwanda.

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu uma kuziwa ekuhumusheni isi-ukraine ukuthola umhumushi oneziqu nobuchwepheshe obudingekayo ukuze ahumushe ngokunembile ulimi oluwumthombo olimini lwesi-ukraine. Ngaphandle kokuba nemfundo yezilimi nezilimi abazihumushayo, kumelwe futhi babe nolwazi lwangaphambili nokuhlangenwe nakho kokusebenza kumaphrojekthi okuhumusha ase-ukraine.

Umhumushi kudingeka abe nolwazi oluhle ngemininingwane yolimi lwesi-ukraine nanoma yiziphi izinkomba zamasiko okungase kudingeke ukuba zicatshangelwe. Izinguqulo eziningi zingathintwa umlando wezwe, isiko, nesimo sezombangazwe, ngakho kubalulekile ukusebenzisa umhumushi owazi ulimi futhi owazi ngentuthuko yamuva e-Ukraine.

Uma kuziwa ekusebenzeni nomhumushi ofanelekayo wase-ukraine, kubalulekile ukukhetha eyodwa enezinqubo ezichazwe kahle nezinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi. Ukuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yenqubo, ngoba ukunemba nokuvumelana kubalulekile ekuxhumaneni okuphumelelayo. Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi enhle kuhilela ukuhlola njalo ukuhumusha ngokumelene nomthombo wokuqala futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi noma yikuphi ukungafani kulethwa kumhumushi ukuze kuhunyushwe kabusha.

Kuyasiza futhi ukusebenzisa inkampani enikeza izinsizakalo ezengeziwe ezifana nokwenziwa kwendawo, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhumusha kufanelekile ngokwendabuko nangokwezilimi kubabukeli ababhekiswe kubo. Lokhu kusho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulimi luhambisana nesifunda esithile, kusetshenziswa izilimi zendawo nemifanekiso lapho kudingeka khona. Kuhlanganisa nokunikeza ukufometha okufanele nokwakhiwa kokuhlelwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinto ezihunyushiwe zibukeka zifana nezinto eziwumthombo.

Ngokuyinhloko, ukuhumusha ngesi-ukraine kumayelana nokudlulisa umyalezo ohlosiwe ngokunembile, kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa nokuthi konke ukuzwela kwamasiko nomongo jikelele kuyacatshangelwa. Ukuthola umhumushi okwazi ukukwenza lokhu, futhi lokho kusebenza nezindinganiso eziphakeme zobungcweti nezinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi uthola imiphumela engcono kakhulu.

Yiliphi ulimi olukhulunywa e-ukraine?

Ulimi lwesi-ukraine lukhulunywa ikakhulukazi e-Ukraine nasezingxenyeni ezithile Zaserussia, Ebelarus, Emoldova, Epoland, Eslovakia, Ehungary, Eromania Nasebulgaria. Ibuye isetshenziswe njengolimi oluncane Ekazakhstan, Eserbia, Egrisi Nasecroatia.

Uyini umlando ulimi ukraine?

Ulimi lwesi-ukraine lunomlando omude futhi oyinkimbinkimbi wokuthuthuka. Luwulimi Lwesislavic Sasempumalanga, oluphakathi komkhaya ofanayo nesirashiya nesibelarusian. Sekuyisikhathi Eside sikhulunywa e-Ukraine kusukela ngekhulu le-11. Phakathi nengxenye enkulu yomlando Wayo kwakuyingxenye yolimi Lwesislavonic Sesonto, olwalusetshenziswa ezincwadini zenkolo nasemibhalweni. Phakathi nengxenye enkulu yekhulu le-16 nele-19, yaqhubeka ibhekwa njengesilimi sesirashiya, naphezu kwezici ezithile ezihlukile.
Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19 lapho isi-ukraine saqala khona ukuqashelwa njengolimi oluhlukile, njengengxenye yokuvuselelwa kwezincwadi e-Ukraine. Isisekelo sesi-ukraine sanamuhla sasungulwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, isi-ukraine sase siwulimi lwabantu Abaningi base-Ukraine.
Ngo-1917 I-Ukraine yamemezela ukuzimela Kwayo Erussia futhi yamukela isi-ukraine njengolimi olusemthethweni lombuso. Lokhu kwaqala inkathi yokujwayeza nokuthuthukisa ulimi, kwanyatheliswa izichazamazwi eziningi, izincwadi zohlelo lolimi, nezinto zokufundisa ukuze kukhuthazwe ukusetshenziswa kwalo.
Kusukela ithola inkululeko ngo-1991, i-ukraine iye yavuselelwa nakakhulu. Sesibe ulimi olusemthethweni lwesizwe, futhi sifundiswa kabanzi ezikoleni futhi sisetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuxhumana nomphakathi. Naphezu kokuba khona kwesirashiya kwezinye izindawo zezwe, isi-ukraine sihlala siwulimi oluyinhloko e-Ukraine.

Bangobani abantu abaphezulu aba-5 abaye baba negalelo elikhulu olimini lwesi-ukraine?

1. U-Ivan kotlyarevsky (17691838): Ebhekwa njengomsunguli wezincwadi zesimanje zase-ukraine, Ukotlyarevsky wabhala inkondlo yokuqala yesizwe ngesi-ukraine, I-Eneyida. Imisebenzi yakhe yasiza ekwandiseni nasekulinganiseni ulimi.
2. Utaras Shevchenko (18141861): umuntu ovelele wezincwadi nobuciko base-ukraine, ushevchenko kwesinye isikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi "ubaba wolimi lwase-ukraine". Wayengumsekeli oshisekayo wokusetshenziswa kwesi-ukraine ezincwadini nasemasikweni futhi wabhala izinkondlo eziningi namanoveli ngolimi.
3. U-Ivan Franko (18561916): umbhali nombongi onethonya, Ufranko wabhala eminye yemisebenzi yokuqala yezincwadi zanamuhla zase-ukraine. Wabuye wasungula I-Ivan Franko National University Yaselviv, eyakha izindlela zemfundo ezishintshayo ezigcizelela ukubaluleka kolimi lwesi-ukraine.
4. Uvolodymyr vernadsky (18631945): isazi-mlando esivelele, isazi sefilosofi, nesazi sokuma komhlaba, Uvernadsky wayengumholi oyinhloko ekuthuthukiseni isiko lesimanje lase-ukraine. Wayengomunye wabasunguli Beshevchenko Scientific Society futhi wabhala izincwadi eziningi nezindatshana ngezihloko zase-ukraine ngolimi.
5. U-Oleksandr Oles (18841962): isazi sezilimi esivelele nesazi sezilimi, U-Oles waba namandla amakhulu ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo lolimi lwesi-ukraine lwanamuhla. Wayengumbhali wemisebenzi eminingana emikhulu ngolimi, kufaka Phakathi Ulimi lwesi-ukraine Ezikoleni Zamabanga Aphansi, futhi wayeyilungu elinamandla Le-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences.

Kanjani ukwakheka kolimi ukraine?

Ulimi lwesi-ukraine luwulimi Lwesislavic olukhulunywa ikakhulukazi e-Ukraine, lapho luwulimi olusemthethweni khona. Ihlobene kakhulu Nesibelarusian, isipolish nesirashiya nezinye izilimi zamaslav. Inezinhlamvu zayo ezithathwe Olimini Lwesicyrillic, futhi uhlelo lwayo lolimi lufana nolwezinye izilimi Zesislavic, ezinamagama, izichasiso, izenzi nezichasiso ezinokuhlehla nokuhlanganiswa okuhlukile. Ngokuvamile ukuhleleka kwamagama kuyisihloko isenzo into, kodwa kuyaguquguquka futhi kungahluka kuye ngokugcizelelwa kwesikhulumi.

Indlela yokufunda ulimi ukraine ngendlela efanele kakhulu?

1. Thola isifundo solimi oluhle: Start ngokuthola isifundo solimi oluhle esigxile olimini lwesi-ukraine. Bheka okuthile olunzulu futhi likufundisa kokubili uhlelo lolimi kanye silulumagama ulimi.
2. Thenga ezinye izincwadi ezinhle zokufunda ulimi: Izincwadi zingenye yezinsiza ezinhle kakhulu uma kuziwa ekufundeni ulimi. Bheka izincwadi ezigxile olimini lwesi-ukraine hhayi kuphela ngohlelo lolimi kodwa nangamasiko, umlando nezisho.
3. Prakthiza! Indlela engcono kakhulu yokufunda ulimi iwukuyenza ngangokunokwenzeka. Bheka ithuba lokuba nezingxoxo nezikhulumi zomdabu, kungaba ku-inthanethi noma endaweni yakho. Lalela umsakazo ukraine futhi ubuke amabhayisikobho ukraine kanye TV. Lokhu kuzokusiza ukuba ujwayelane kakhudlwana nolimi futhi ululawule ngokushesha.
4. Sebenzisa izinhlelo zokusebenza namawebhusayithi: Kunezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi namawebhusayithi angakusiza ukuba uthuthukise amakhono akho olimi lwase-ukraine. Bheka izinkundla ze-inthanethi, amabhulogi namawebhusayithi agxile ekufundiseni isi-ukraine.
5. Zicwilise: Enye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokufunda ulimi ukuhamba nokuzicwilisa emasikweni nasendaweni ezungezile. Uma ukuya E-Ukraine akuyona inketho kuwe, zama ukuthola iqembu lendawo lokuhlangana noma uhlelo lokushintshana ngolimi.